
Class r /^ / 06 
Book_ / c-£ 



Copjiight^v'". 



CDPi'RIGHT DEPOSm 



WORKS OF F. A. PARKHURST 

PUBLISHED BY 

JOHN WILEY & SONS, Inc. 



Applied Methods of Scientific Management. 

Second Edition, xii+337 pages. 6 by 9. Illus- 
trated. Cloth, ^$2.00 net. 

The Predetermination of True Costs and Rela=" 
tively True Selling Prices. 

104 pages. 6 by 9. Illustrated. Cloth |i.2S net. 
Symbols. 

The system of symbols adopted in this book has been 
used in various plants for many years. They con- 
stitute a language in themselves. A few characters, 
suggestive to a marked degree, replace from six to 
many times six the number of letters that would 
ordinarily be required to describe the same thing, 
or combination of things in the usual words. The 
symbols in this book can be amplified to an unlimited 
extent to meet any ultimate demands. vi+i6s 
pages. 6 by 9. Cloth, J?2.oo net. 



z- 



SYMBOLS 



BY. 

FREDERIC A/ PARKHURST, M.E, 

Organizing Engineer 



FIBST EDITION 



NEW YORK: 

JOHN WILEY & SONS, Inc 

London: CHAPMAN & HALL, Limited 
1917 



N? 



<% 



^^^ 



Copyright, 1917 

BY 

FREDERIC A. PARKHURST 




JUL 14 1917 



PRESS OF 

BRAUNWORTH & CO. 

BOOK MANUFACTURERS 

BROOKLYN, N. Y. 



Dci.A467844 



PREFACE 



Up to the present time the use of symbols, even in the 
manufacturing industries, has been very Hmited. Their 
field of usefulness, however, is not confined to industrial 
establishments, since all branches of business, as well as 
scientific, research, commercial, banking and professional 
pursuits, can apply symbols to equal advantage. The 
possible uses for symbols are unlimited. 

During years of experience with all forms of symbols^ 
I have developed the system herein described. It has 
been in continuous use, wholly or in part, in various 
plants for many years. Its use in practicable form under 
the stress of all the demands of large and growing com- 
panies, working in many cases at high pressure, has proved 
beyond a doubt that all the requirements of the ideal 
symbol system have been successfully met. Only a suf- 
ficient number of examples are given in the following 
pages to convey clearly to the reader how different varia- 
tions may be worked out to suit any particular case. The 
system is sufficiently flexible to meet all requirements in 
any kind of business or profession. 

The use of symbols expedites the routine of the day's 
work by a great saving of time and a much greater saving 
of space in keeping complete records. Symbols give a 
brevity, simplicity, stimulus to accuracy, and a scheme 
of statistical comparison that cannot be obtained by any 
other means. It is to be regretted that the value of sym- 
bols is not better understood. It is my hope that this book 
may be the means of greatly stimulating the use of sym- 
bols and that the keys given herein will form the basis 



iv PREFACE 

of a universal and standard system, since standardization 
is one of the important elements of the science of manage- 
ment. The reader can readily adopt the symbols herein 
listed with little or no modification, and so have the benefit 
from the start of a system that can be amplified to an 
unlimited extent to meet any ultimate demands. 

Symbols really constitute a language in themselves. 
A few characters, suggestive to a marked degree, replace 
from six to many times six the number of letters that 
would ordinarily be required to describe the same thing, 
or combination of things, in the usual words. One mem- 
orizes these characters as one would memorize the alphabet 
and through association begins to think in the character 
language. After the mind becomes trained to the habit 
of thinking in the symbol language, and this is an exceed- 
ingly easy and quick thing to master, it becomes instinctive 
to talk in the symbol language. The next step is naturally 
that of recording in the same language the ideas and ex- 
pressions resulting from the use of this method. 

It is really easier, and obviously very much quicker 
to think and speak the symbol language when one becomes 
familiar with it, than it is to follow the long and tedious 
route necessary when using the usual terms of a national 
tongue. 

The Author. 



TABLE OF CONTENTS 



CHAPTER PAGE 

I. Three Systems of Symbols 1 

II. Plant Symbols 7 

III. Department Symbols 10 

3-A. General Scheme of Departmentalizing 10 

3-B. Tj^pical Office and Shop Departments 11 

3-C. Adaptation of Department Sj^mbols to a Hospital. ... 15 
3-D. General Administrative, Financial, Sales, and Operat- 
ing Di^dsions 17 

3-E. Departmental Subcli^dsion 19 

rV. Indirect Expense Symbols 21 

4-A. Plant Indirect Expense Sjinbols 21 

4-B. Department Indirect Expense Symbols . . .* 24 

4-C. General Indirect Expense Sjmibols 46 

4-D. Equipment Indirect Expense S3Tiabols 48 

4-E. Factory Indirect Expense Symbols 49 

V. Order and Job Group Symbols 51 

5-A. Order Group Symbols 51 

5-B. Work Numbers • 53 

VI. Equipment Symbols 55 

VII. Drawing Symbols 61 

VIII. Piece Symbols 66 

IX. Operation Symbols 73 

9-A. Industrial Operation S3Tnbols 73 

9-B. Chemical Sjinbols 81 

X. Miscellaneous Symbol Groups 92 

10-A. Jigs and Tool Sj^mbols 92 

10-B. Pattern Symbols -. . . 95 

10-C. Manufacturing Sjnnbols 96 

10-D. Filing Symbols 97 

10-E. Forms, Literature and Miscellaneous Symbols 100 

10-F. Account Symbols 104 

lO-G. Sub-classification Symbolss 110 

V 



CONTENTS vi 

CHAPTEE PAGE 

XI. Anatomical Symbols 112 

11-A. Human Plant and Department Symbols 112 

11-B. Diagnostic Symbols 116 

11-C. Surgical Symbols 141 

11-D. Anatomical Sub-class Symbols 146 

XII. Resume 151 



SYMBOLS 



CHAPTER I 

THREE SYSTEMS OF SYMBOLS 

The prime object of any system of symbolizing is to 
provide a character which will assist in the prompt identi- 
fication of any unit. The second object is to use a scheme 
flexible enough to include all branches of a business within 
its scope. The present opportunities for the use of a 
practical, comprehensive scheme of symbols are unlimited. 
This is true of all business, educational, scientific, research 
and professional spheres. 

The author maintains, adverse criticism to the contrary, 
that a symbol is an identification mark first and foremost. 
The character must positively differentiate one article, 
unit or act from some other. If a simple and not too 
cumbersome symbol could be devised which would instantly 
tell by its form or character what is represented, it might 
be ideal, but so far all efforts along such lines have proved 
impractical. If we know the number of a house on a 
given street, for example 360 West Fifty-ninth Street, it 
is not necessary to know whether the house is an old 
Mansard design, an early Colonial type, or a modern tene- 
ment structure in order to identify it. The address enables 
us to direct one to the house or find it ourselves with a 
minimum of effort. The symbol should enable one to 
identify an article or unit with just as little effort. So, 



2 SYMBOLS 

bearing in mind the essential factor of identification, it 
is obvious that the greatest practical use will be obtained 
from that scheme of symbols which is founded upon the 
simplest rules, with as few characters and the least varia- 
tions possible. 

The different schemes of symbols which have been 
developed from time to time may be classed under the 
following general headings : 

1. Dewey Decimal System 

2. Mnemonic System 

3. Parkhurst System 

The Dewey Decimal System is undoubtedly the most 
complete and highly perfected in theory of any, and, as 
the name indicates, is a combination of figures and periods 
giving a symbol of an almost unlimited number of characters. 
This use of figures and decimal points offers an infinite 
number of possible combinations. The system carefully 
worked out will provide a number symbol applicable to 
every conceivable thing past, present or future. It is, 
however, in no way suggestive nor practical for general 
use, and a voluminous key is necessary even to interpret 
the symbol. 

The Mnemonic System, as its name indicates, was 
devised with the purpose of supplying a symbol which 
should be suggestive and which would indicate the object 
that it was intended to identify. In theory, it is an 
excellent system and could, perhaps, be applied in a limited 
way to a comparatively small number of units so as to be 
comprehensive and valuable. For general use, however, 
the system utterly fails to meet the end for which it was 
designed. It is impossible to devise a simple symbol 
on the mnemonic plan which is generally applicable to 
units of widely varying kinds of business. The mnemonic 
symbol consists of combinations of letters and figures with 



THREE SYSTEMS OF SYMBOLS 3 

the occasional use perhaps of a period or a dash. If the 
attempt is made to apply this system very generally, it 
soon becomes apparent that the result is a symbol of a 
great number of characters, often running to twelve or fif- 
teen, and one which in itself is in no way suggestive. 
Again a voluminous index or ^^key" becomes neces- 
sary. 

There are a great many combinations of letters repre- 
senting general classifications which have been developed 
in connection with the mnemonic symbol system. The 
result is that five, six or seven letters, or combinations of 
letters and figures, may be necessary before one gets to 
the number identifying the one particular piece in a class 
from its next-door neighbor. A further disadvantage of 
a mnemonic scheme is that a combination of letters and 
figures is much harder to write or read, or to remember 
even for a few minutes, than a comparatively arbitrary 
one, providing this combination of letters and figures 
consists of more than several characters. SHVXRI is 
much harder to read and to retain in the mind than 2432 IX 
or 234211. If two pieces just alike are symbolized, one 
with the first of the above symbols and the other with 
one of the two latter, the one bearing the plain number 
can be more easily and quickly identified. 

Another argument often brought up by advocates of 
the mnemonic system is that when one sees a piece bearing 
a symbol or sees the symbol in print, it is desirable to know 
what the piece is so that it can be located. In practice, 
however, this is not so for several reasons. One is, that 
should a stray and strange piece with a symbol attached 
be found, it would be necessary in any case to refer to 
the symbol index. This would be true whether the Dewey, 
Mnemonic or Arbitrary System was in use. Obviously, 
then, the simplest and easiest sj^stem to remember is the 
best. In the majority of cases, the use of the symbol 
is either in connection with papers or documents, or one 



4 SYMBOLS 

is looking for a piece of which the simple name is 
known. 

Further to illustrate this point, suppose that the order 
or material list referred to a ''Right Support for an 18-inch 
by 10-foot motor-driven engine lathe"; the simple name 
of the piece would be a support, which one would identify 
by its symbol. The symbol in such case answers the 
same purpose as the number of a house on a certain street. 
In practice, as above stated, it is very seldom that there 
is any great material advantage, especially in connection 
with piece symbols, in having the symbol represent the 
character of the piece involved. After all is said and 
done, it is an absolute impossibility without reference to 
an index. 

Many of the most satisfactory and easiest forms of 
identification in use are some of the old systems of "piece 
numbers," which are nothing more or less than arbitrary 
numbers which have been given to pieces as they were 
designed or became merchandise. Another very old scheme 
is that of grouping pieces by classes, as El 12, to represent 
a part number 112 for an ''E" type machine. Modern 
practice, however, especially in connection with the higher 
developed forms of management, has made it desirable to 
utilize a scheme of symbols for many and various pur- 
poses. The writer believes that the simple form of 
symbol is by far the best. In modern management the use 
of symbols is becoming an absolute necessity. Without 
symbols the speedy and condensed recording of instruc- 
tions, data and recapitulation of statistics is almost impossi- 
ble, to say nothing of the saving of space and time. 

The author has had years of experience in the practical 
application and use of all systems of symbolization, and 
to meet the requirement of actual practice, has evolved 
the following system, which has been in actual use for 
many years. It fully meets the requirements in practice 
and is in no way cumbersome nor difficult to install. Mem- 



THREE SYSTEMS OF SYMBOLS 5 

bers of the organizations with whom he has estabUshed 
his methods have never yet had any difficulty in easily and 
quickly becoming thoroughly familiar with, or in adopting 
this system. 

In the following pages the author treats of each dif- 
ferent group or class of symbols into which his system 
is divided. The combinations described have been pre- 
pared in such a way as to give the best general description 
of the system. An effort has also been made to give enough 
actual detail so that any specific application of the Park- 
hurst symbol system can be readily made by the reader 
after a little study. 

The reader is advised whenever possible to adopt the 
actual symbols with their corresponding description herein 
shown as a step toward standardization. There will, of 
course, be many cases where changes will be necessary. 
Modifications of the following can be readily made to 
suit any condition, thus giving the necessary flexibility 
which is the actual measure of value of the system. 

The characteristic formation of each symbol group 
must, of course, be maintained, but the application and 
name of the things each symbol represents may be varied 
to suit each problem where necessary. -As first stated, 
however, standardization is important. Particular atten- 
tion is called to the fact that with few exceptions, the 
element of suggestiveness is maintained throughout this 
entire symbol system. The single reading of these chapters 
will result in a large majority of the symbols being mem- 
orized. Such is particularly true of the general group 
formations. A few moments' study will be all that is 
necessary to remember details after the fundamental 
principle on which this system is founded has been clearly 
understood. 

The author has succeeded in evolving a symbol system 
free from all the cumbersomeness of both the Dewey and 
Mnemonic systems, while keeping the unlimited flexibility 



6 SYMBOLS 

required of any adequate system. It combines the abso- 
lutely necessary essentials of actual and practical value in 
operation, which after all is the true test. The key to 
the system for any given plant consists of a few pages, 
so that in a short time members of an organization have 
little need to refer, except occasionally, to the key. 



CHAPTER II 

PLANT SYMBOLS 

The first step in connection with the development of 
a scheme of symbols for any business is to provide for a 
plant letter or symbol. It may be that there is but one 
plant. On the other hand, provision must be made for 
the identification of that plant as at some future time 
the growth of any business is more than likely to result 
in additional plants. Business conditions often prompt 
the purchase of another plant to enable immediate in- 
crease in capacity, so the entire scheme of symbols contem- 
plates unlimited expansion. 

Plant symbols consist of a single letter. The letter 
used is almost invariably the first letter of the city or 
town in or near which the plant is situated. The following 
is a typical hst of plant letters. 

A — Atlanta Plant 
B — Baltimore Plant 
C— Cleveland Plant 
D— Detroit Plant 
E—Erie Plant 
F— Fitchburg Plant 
G — Galveston Plant 
iV— Newton Plant 
R — Research Plant 

It sometimes happens, however, that a company with 
a number of plants may have two or more plants in one 
place. If so, the initial letter of the street on which each 

7 



8 SYMBOLS 

plant is situated may be used. There is enough flexibiUty 
in this plan to enable suggestive letters being obtained 
without chance of trouble due to duplication. 

The plant letters should appear on interplant stationery 
such as interplant letter paper, purchase orders, requi- 
sitions, charges, etc. This applies only, however, to those 
plant forms which are not abolute duplicates of forms 
used in some other plant and which for good reasons must 
be identified instantly with the plant in which they orig- 
inated. In this connection it is also advisable to use a 
different color for each plant. The following is a typical 
list of '^ plant colors." 

Plant A — Gray 

" 5— Blue 

" C— Yellow 

'' D— Cafe 

" E—Bun 

' ' 7^— Mandarin 

" G — Galveston, Pink 

" N — Newton, Golden Rod 

" R — Research, Pale Green 

The plant letters may be used singly or in combination 
with other symbols. When used in combination they 
come first. The plant symbol is the only symbol con- 
sisting of one character, a letter, so there is never any 
duplication or confusion in use or in interpretation. It 
should be noted that all of the various symbol groups 
used in the sysiem may be used in combination without 
confusion and without danger of duplication, as shown in 
the last chapter. 

Combinations of plant symbols with other symbols 
enable one readily to record data which can be instantly 
identified, and comparisons made between various groups 
and plants. Space is conserved and the recording and 
reading of records are both greatly expedited. For example: 



PLANT SYMBOLS 9 

AlA means ^^ Atlanta Plant Accounting Room" (see 
Chapter III). These three suggestive characters tell us 
what ordinarily would take at least four words totaling 
twenty-six letters to describe. The saving in space and 
time is obvious. 



CHAPTER III 

DEPARTMENT SYMBOLS 

3-A. General Scheme of Departmentalizing 

3-B. Typical Office and Shop Departments 

3-C. Adaptation of Department Symbols to a Hospital 

3-D. General Administration, Financial, Sales, and Operating 

Divisions 
3-E, Departmental Subdivisions 

3-A. General Scheme of Departmentalizing 

After providing for the plant symbol as described in 
Chapter II, the next step is to determine the depart- 
mentalization of that plant and provide a symbol for 
each department. The determination of the limits of each 
department is not necessarily fixed by fom^ walls, but rather 
by the trades represented, the class of work, or the kind 
of equipment. 

The department limits of a plant are not ordinarily 
as clearly defined as they should be. Neither is the average 
plant- divided into enough departments. A building may 
have several floors all doing the same general class of 
work. Each floor should be a separate department. If 
there are several trades doing different kinds of work on any 
or each floor, or in any building, the departments should 
be divided so as to separate each class of work or trade. 

Too much emphasis cannot be laid on the importance 
of exercising extreme care in determining department 
limits. The feature has a vital bearing on modern man- 
agement methods. The most important of these are the 
routing and handling of work and material, proper analytical 

10 



DEPARTMENT SYMBOLS 11 

cost records, accurate indirect expense subdivision, etc. 
To permit the best use of the differential process rate of 
distributing burden or overhead, it is important that the 
department hmits be clearly defined and separated as 
suggested above. It makes possible a complete and accu- 
rate subdivision of indirect expense. There will be no 
need of overburdening one class of product and unduly 
favoring another. See Chapter IV, section 4-E. 

3-B. Typical Office and Shop Departments 

Department symbols consist of a numeral from 1 to 
20, followed by a letter. There is no other symbol of this 
formation used with a numeral less than 30, so duplication 
and confusion are avoided. The symbol, as well as others, 
may be used in combination, as explained in Chapter 
XII. Bearing in mind the caution given above regarding 
the determination of department limits, it becomes a simple 
matter to allot symbols to each department. 

The following Hsts are typical of the usual department 
symbols. Attention is called to the fact that similar 
departments use the same letter but the characteristic 
numeral changes. The prefix may represent the order 
of importance of each department in each group, or it 
may indicate the order of arrangement on the shop plan. 

When preparing to symbolize the departments of any 
given plant, the first step should be to hst all of the de- 
partments by groups. As mentioned above, the depart- 
ment limits must be determined by the functions performed 
by each room or parts of a room, or by the separation of 
the trades or classes of labor, or by the kinds of equipment 
used, or by the grades or classes of work performed in 
each room. 

Having determined the department Hmits in this man- 
ner, similar departmental divisions should be listed in 
consecutive order. This order may be either alphabetical, 



12 



SYMBOLS 



in degrees of importance, or again in the order of arrange- 
ment of one department to another, based on the route 
taken by the work passing through these departments. 
Inspection of the following lists of departments will readily 
show just how the grouping is determined. Care in arrang- 
ing departmental groups using the same department letter 
will materially assist in the memorizing of each department 
symbol. 

Another advantage of the group method, and by no 
means the least important, is the conservation of the 
letters of the alphabet. If this feature is carefully con- 
sidered, the reader will find that the scope of the alphabet 
is amply sufficient to meet every practical requirement 
for any set of department symbols. 

The department letter will not always be suggestive in 
the true sense of the word, but the exceptional cases are 
easily memorized. 

One typical set of department symbols for a large plant : 



lA Accounting Room 
2A Cost Department 
3A Credit Department 
4:A Billing Department 
5A Filing Department 

IB Sales Department 
2B Order Department 
W Stenographic Department 

IC Core Room No. 1 
2C " No. 2 

3C '' No. 3 

4C '' No. 4 

ID Delivery Department 

IE Employment Department 
2E Locker and Wash Room 

(Men) 
SE Locker and Wash Room 

(Women) 



IF Furnace Department No. 1 
2F " No. 2 

IG Garage 
2G Stable 

IH Heating Plant 

2H Boiler Plant for Power 

SH Engine Room Plant 

4:H Electric Generator Plant 

(Power) 
5H Light Generator Plant 
6H Air Compressor Plant 

17 Inspection Department 
27 Final Inspection 

IJ Janitors and Watchmen 
2/ Special Guards 

IK Carpenter Room 



DEPARTMENT SYMBOLS 



13 



IL Planning Room (Central) 
2L " (Sub. No. 2) 

3L " (Sub. No. 3) 

IM Mold Room No. 1 
2M '' No. 2 

3M '' No. 3 

4M " No. 4 

bM " No. 5 

IN Knockout Room No. 1 
2N " No. 2 

10 Time Keeping Department 

IP Pattern Shop 
2P Pattern Storage 

IQ Sand Mixing Room 
2Q Sand Handling Dept. 

IR Receiving Room 

IS Shipping Room 

IT Trimming Room No. 1 
2T Sand Blast Room for IT 
ST Trimming Room No. 2 
4:T Sand Blast Room for 3^ 

1 U Engineering Department 
2U Drawing Room 
3U Photographic Department 
4C/ Machine Shop No. 1 



5U Tool Room for 4 r/ 
6U Machine Shop No. 2 
7U Tool Room for 6 C/ 

17 Forge Shop (Light Work) 
27 " (Heavy Work) 

37 Heat Treating Department 
47 Tempering Department 

1T7 Welding Department 



IX Store Room — Non Ferrous 






Metals 


2X 


(( 


— Lumber 


3X 


(( 


— Iron and Steel 
Rod, etc. 


4X 


(( 


— S tructural 
Shapes 


5X 


ft 


—Sand 


ex 


( I 


-Oil 


7X 


( ( 


—Coal 


8X 


( ( 


—Coke 


9X 


(I 


— Pig Iron and 
Scrap 


lOZ 


I ( 


— Miscellaneous 


IIX 


Move 


Material Foreman's 




Dept. 





IF Yard 



IZ Maintenance Dept. 



Any plant symbol (see Chapter II) may be used in 
combination with the above by simply prefixing the plant 
letter or symbol. In this manner we are able by the 
use of only three characters instantly to identify any one 
of seventy or more departments in any one of a number of 
plants. Thus ^lOX means ^^Miscellaneous Stores Room 
in Atlanta Plant"; or C2F means ''No. 2 Furnace Room 
in Cleveland Plant," etc. 

To further illustrate the symbolizing of departments 
the following list is given to show the actual symbols 



14 



SYMBOLS 



used in a large foundry. This list covers a specific con- 
dition and is taken from actual practice, whereas the 
first list given above was a composite one. 

Departmental Symbols Used by a Foundry 



1^ Accounting Room 
5^ Filing Room 

IB Local Sales Dept. 

IC Core Room No. 1 



2C 


No. 2 


3C 


No. 3 


4C 


No. 4 


5C 


No. 5 


6C 


No. 6 



ID Delivery Dept. 

IE Employment Bureau 

IF Furnace Room (Class A & C) 
2F " (Class 5 only) 



IN Knockout (Class A and C) 
2N " (Class B) 

10 Time Keeping 

IP Pattern Shop 
2P Pattern Storage 

IQ Sand Mixing 

IR Receiving Room 

15 Shipping 

IT Trimming Room (Class A 

andC) 
2T Sand Blast (Class A and C) 
2>T Trimming Room (Class B) 
4r Sand Blast (Class B) 



IG Garage 






\XJ Machinists 


IH Heat, Light, and Power 




2U Brass Finishing Department 








3(7 Tool Room 


1/ Inspection Dept 
















IF Forge Shop 


IJ Janitors and Watchmen 




ITF Welding 


X, Department 


IK Carpenter Shop 






IZ Stores- 


-Metal 


IL Planning Room 






2X " - 
SX '' - 


-Lumber 
-Iron, etc. 


IM Molding Room No. 1 




4X '' - 


-Miscellaneous 




(Class 


A) 


5X " - 


-Sand 


2M 


No. 2 




6X " - 


-Oil 




(Class 


B) 


7X '' 




3M 


No. 3 




8X " 


Available for New 




(Class C) 


9Z " 


Stock Divisions 


4M 


No. 4 




lOZ '' 






(Class 


C) 


nX Move IV 


Material Foreman 


5M " 


No. 5 










(Class 


B) 


17 YardD 


epartment 


m 


No. 6 




IZ Mainte 


nance Department 



DEPARTMENT SYMBOLS 



15 



3-C. Adaptation of Department Symbols to a Hospital 

In order more fully to illustrate department symbol- 
izing, the following list of some of the more important 
departments of a hospital is given with the corresponding 
symbols. To the hospital organization these departments 
symbols are just as suggestive, and just as easily memorized 
as the foregoing ones are to an industrial organization. 
This fact must not be lost sight of by the reader. One's 
familiarity with the ''plant'' has much to do with the 
ease of remembering the symbols used. The layman not 
familiar with a given condition may at first feel confused. 
It is only a temporary condition, however. 

A Typical List of Hospital Department Symbols 



lA Main Office 

2A Superintendent's Office 

SA Nurses' Office 

4A 

5A Filing Room 

IB Library 

IC Corridor No. 1 
2C " No. 2 
3C " No. 3 

ID Doctor's Reception Room 
21) Admitting Doctor's Office 
SD Doctor's Dressing Room 
4D Surgeon's Dressing Room 
5D Students' and Visitors' Dress- 
ing Room 
6D Dressing Room 

IE Dining Room 

IF 

IG Garage 
2G Stable 



1^ Heating Plant 
2H Power Plant 
SH Lighting Plant 

17 Instrument Room No. 1 
27 '' No. 2 

IJ Janitors and Watchmen 

IK Kitchen 
2K Diet Kitchen 

17/ Clinical Laboratory 
2L Surgical Laboratory 
ZL Medical Laboratory 
4L Tissue Laboratory 

IM Mortuary 

lA^ Nitrous Oxide Mfg. Dept. 

10 Anesthetic Room 

20 Operating Room — Private 

30 " " No. 1 

40 " Amphitheater No. 1 

'60 '' " No. 2 



16 



SYMBOLS 



IP X-ray Dept. and Dark 

Room 
2P X-ray Therapy 
SP Photographing and Printing 

Room 

IQ 

IR Accident Room 

2R Ambulance Room 

SR Children's Room 

4R Consultation Room 

5R Cystoscopic Room 

6R Dispensary 

7R Examining Room 

8R Gynecological Room 

9R Medical Room 
lOR Nervous and Medical Room 
IIR Nose and Throat Room 
12R Plaster Room 
13i^ Reception Room 
14:R Surgical Room 



IS Laundry 
2S Ironing Room 
3S Sewing Room 
4aS Sterilizing Room 

IT 

lU 

IV 

IW Ward 1 
2W " 2 
3W " 3 
4TF '' 4 

IX Bandage and Dressing Room 

2X Commissary Dept. 

3X Drug Room 

4X Linen Room 

5X Surgical Supplies, Splints, etc. 

17 Yard and Grounds 

IZ Maintenance 



The treatment of the above group of hospital depart- 
ment symbols will indicate how the various symbols were 
determined if the reader will review the remarks at the 
beginning of the section, page 11. In a few cases the 
standard department symbols have been used, such as 
5A, IG, 2G, IH, 2H, SH, IJ, and IX to 5X for divisions 
of stores, IF, and IZ. The other departments have been 
symbolized in groups in the most suggestive manner. 
The laundry departments are grouped under S arbitrarily. 
This is not suggestive, except, perhaps, of "soap suds." 
The use of S left L available for the extremely important 
laboratory departments; viz., clinical, surgical, medical, 
and tissue laboratories. 

The R group in this particular case is used for the 
receiving, examining, and other rooms necessary to the 
treatment of patients. The various rooms are symbolized 
in alphabetical order in the example given, but any other 



DEPARTMENT SYMBOLS 17 

arrangement may be substituted if local conditions so 
require. 

3-D. General Administrative, Financial, Sales, and 
Operating Divisions 

In addition to the departmental symbolization of office 
and works departments, the general divisions of a manu- 
facturing business have to be considered. The four chief 
general divisions into which any manufacturing business 
must be divided are administration, financial, sales, and 
operating. These divisions, and other subdivisions to be 
explained later, individually and collectively, work for and 
are necessary to the general conduct of a business. The 
size and kind of business determines to some extent just 
how far it is practicable to go when symbolizing these 
various general divisions. Since these general divisions 
are always indirect expense factors, the three-letter symbol 
has been adopted as a further aid in keeping this in mind. 
To differentiate in the case of other symbol groups, there 
is no other ^Hhree-letter" symbol used that has G for 
the first letter and X for the third letter. All these general 
division symbols are known as the GX divisions. The 
middle or second letter is different in each respective 
one, and is suggestive of the name of the general division 
which that particular symbol represents. 

The following list is an exact copy of the author's 
standard key for the G-X symbol group: 

Genekal Divisions of the Organization 
(Not directly chargeable to any plant) 

Expenses of these Divisions to be Prorated to each Plant Monthly 
AS they each Benefit 

GAX General Administrative 

GBX General Sales 

GCX Comptroller's Office 

GDX General Delivery 

GEX '' Employees, Liability Insurance, etc. 



18 



SYMBOLS 



GFX General Finance 



GGX 




Garage 


GHX 




Heating, Lighting, and Power 


GIX 




Investigation (Legal and Patent work only) 


GJX 




Janitors, Watchmen, Special Guards, etc. 


GKX 




Katalogs, Advertising, Literature, etc. 


GLX 




Laboratory (Chemical) ; (Plant R) 


GMX 




Manager 


GNX 






GOX 




Organizing Engr. and Gen. Operating 


GPX 




Purchasing 


GQX 






GRX 




Research (Plant /2) 


GSX 




Special Committee 


GTX 




Time Study and Technical 


GUX 




General Engineering (Plant R) 


GVX 




Vaults, Files, etc. 


GWX 




Welfare 


GXX 




Emergency (Expense Distribution only) 


GYX 




Yards, grounds, etc. 


GZX 




Maintenance 



The ordinary business will, of course, use but a part of 
the above list. 

It is practicable to apply this general division symbol- 
ization to a single plant as well as to a large business 
involving a number of plants. In the latter case, each 
plant carries its proportion of the G-X group expense. 
This expense is prorated monthly by the General Office 
(GCX division) based on the volume of business each plant 
does as compared to the total business of the company. 

The method of determining the total GAX to GZX 
expense is explained in detail below in Chapter IV, section 
4-D. Below is given a list of the G-X divisions actually 
used by one of the author's clients. The total expenses 
of the general divisions listed are prorated in this particular 
case over eight plants. 



DEPARTMENT SYMBOLS 



19 



General Divisions of the Organization 
(Not directly chargeable to any plant) 

Expenses of these Divisions are Prorated to each Plant Monthly 
AS THEY Each Benefit 

GAX General Administrative 



GBX 


Sales 


GCX ' 


' Comptroller's Office 


GFX ' 


' Finance 


GGX ' 


' Garage 


GHX ' 


' Heating, Light, and Power 


GIX ' 


* Investigation (Legal and Patent work only) 


GJX ' 


* Janitors, Watchmen, Special Guards, etc. 


GKX ' 


' Katalogs, Advertising, Literature, etc. 


GLX ' 


' Laboratory (Chemical) 


GOX ' 


' Organizing Engineer and General Operating 


GPX ' 


' Purchasing 


GRX ' 


Research (Plant R) 


GVX ' 


' Vaults, Files, etc. 


GXX ' 


' Emergency (Expense Distribution only) 


GZX ' 


' Maintenance 



3-E. DEPARTMENTAL SUBDIVISION 

or purposes of routing, and to identify positively 
certain particular parts of any department, it becomes 
necessary to provide for a departmental subdivision. 
This is accomplished by the simple addition of a numeral 
after the department symbol. For example, it is necessary 
to subdivide a department into five sections, or to identify 
five different places within that department, such as the 
yard IF. Symbolize each part as IFl, 1F2, 1F3, 1F4, 
and 1F5. The same method is used for any department. 
Ordinarily the department limits are covered by the 
symbol of that depatrment, as lA, 2B, 4:17, 6X, etc. As 
all equipment, work points and machines are identified 
by symbol, the combination of the two symbols (depart- 



20 SYMBOLS 

ment and equipment or work point symbols) is usually 
sufficient. In a case such as the example given in the pre- 
ceding paragraph, where there is no equipment involved, 
the ''subdivision" symbol is used. 

The identification of work points in a department is 
accomplished by combination symbols. A particular ma- 
chine, say L5, is in department 4t/. The work point is 
therefore 4C/L5, By this method routing of material is 
expedited and the definite place specified beyond question 
by four characters. Without a symbol it would be necessary 
to write ''the machine is lathe number five in the number 
one machine shop." 

The key to the equipment symbols used above will 
be found in Chapter V. In Chapter IV will be found a 
further example of combinations covering the expense X 
symbols. As explained later, the maintenance of the 
machine expressed in the example as 4?7L5 is indicated 
by adding the symbol X6 (maintenance of equipment) to 
the symbol already developed, viz., 4[7L5X6. It is believed 
that the simplicity of this part of the symbol system makes 
any lengthy explanation unnecessary. 

To summarize: the symbol for any particular place 
in a department not a work point is indicated by a numeral 
added to the department symbol. If the place to be 
identified is a work point it must then of necessity consti- 
tute equipment and is identified by combining the depart- 
ment and equipment symbols. 



CHAPTER IV 

INDIRECT EXPENSE SYMBOLS 

4-A. Plant Indirect Expense Symbols 
4-B. Department Indirect Expense Symbols 
4-C. General Indirect Expense Symbols 
4-D. Equipment Indirect Expense Symbols 
4-E. Factory Indirect Expense Symbols 

The foregoing chapters have described the symbol 
formation for plant, departments and subdivisions of de- 
partments. It now becomes necessary to provide a sym- 
boHc identification for expense of operation and maintenance 
of each plant, department, and part thereof. 

The following expense symbolization covers only those 
divisions and items that are indirect items of expense and 
does not cover any items of direct cost of manufacture. 
The subject of indirect expense symbols is divided into 
five sections to meet the requirements of the au thorns 
cost subdivisions. This cost subdivision is fully described 
in the author's recent book ''The Predetermination of 
True Costs and Relatively True Selling Prices." Each 
chief group of indirect expense symbols is discussed below 
in detail. 

4-A. Plant Indirect Expense Symbols 

There are certain indirect items of expense that cannot 
be prorated departmentally or into the machine rate, 
and must therefore go against the plant as a whole. These 
items are known as plant indirect expenses. All items of 
expense have for their characteristic letter the letter X. 

21 



22 SYMBOLS 

This letter is used in combination with the plant letter, 
as AX, BXj CXy etc., depending on the plant the expense 
belongs to. 

The total expenses are further subdivided into a num- 
ber of items XI to X56 inclusive. The same division is 
used throughout, whether for plant, departmental, general, 
or factory indirect expense. This subdivision will be 
further explained below. The prefix to the characters 
XI to X56 determine the group to which the particular 
item belongs. The following list is typical and in this 
case is symbolized for A plant. 

A Plant Indirect Expense Symbols 

AX\ Salary of Managers and Superintendents not Including 

Clerical or other Labor 
AX2 Clerical Wages 
AX3 Other Labor 
AX4l Supplies 
AXb Maintenance of Buildings and Structures 

AXQ Maintenance of Equipment, Furniture and Fixtures, 

AX7 Care of Plant 

AX% Miscellaneous Expenses, not Supplies 

AX9 " Small Tool Expense 

AXIQ Experimental and Test Expense 

AXn Fuel 

AX12 Maintenance of Electrical Equipment 
AX13 ' ' of Air Compressors and Piping 

AX14 * ' of Boiler, Stacks and Accessories 

AXlb ** of Steam and Water Piping, Outside of 

Engine and Boiler Room 

AXIQ *' of Oil Pumps 

AX\7 Heating System 

AX\^ Advertising 

^X19 Traveling Expenses 

AX20 Maintenance of Motor Trucks and Cars 

AX21 Flask Expense 
AX22 Sand 



INDIRECT EXPENSE SYMBOLS 23 

AX23 Injuries to Employees and Liability Insurance 

AX24: Acetylene Apparatus Entire Maintenance and Supply 

Expense, Including Wages of Operator 
AX25 Inventory Expense 

AZ26 Crucibles and Pots 

AX27 Replacement of Stock Chills 

AX28 Electricity Purchased Outside 

AX29 Gas 

AZ30 Freight and Express 

AX31 Defective and Damaged Material and Work Expense 
AXS2 All Bad Work Exclusive of XSl 
AX3S Telephone Expense 
AX3^ Telegram Expense 
AXS5 Postage 

AX51 Legal Expense 
AX52 Insurance 
AX53 Taxes 
AX54: Depreciation 
^4X55 Interest Expense 
AX5Q Metal Shrinkage 

For the example under discussion it is only necessary 
to add that only such items are distributed into the AXl 
to AX5Q group as cannot be charged to some department 
of A plant. All other items are departmental indirect 
expenses and are distributed as explained below. (See 4-B.) 

The above list of divisions for any one business is, of 
course, made up in sufficient detail to cover within the 
range of X numbers all items of expense. The same 
list of items then applies to not only the AXl, BXl (if 
there is a 5 plant), etc., but to each department in each 
plant. By this method there is no confusion and each 
X number stands for the same thing. The single letter 
prefix indicates a plant division, or a lA to IZ type of 
prefix indicates a department group. General, equipment, 
and factory prefixes to these same X symbols are explained 
below in sections 4-C, 4-D, and 4-E. 



24 SYMBOLS 



4-B. Department Indirect Expense Symbols 

The indirect expense symbols for departments are formed 
by prefixing to XI to X56 inclusive the department sym- 
bol. In listing the departmental expense symbols for 
any one plant, say A plant, it is not necessary to use the 
plant letter, though theoretically it should precede the 
department expense symbol. A1AX4: tells at a glance 
that A plant department 1^4. supplies are referred to. 

As previously explained, no one department will ordi- 
narily use all XI to X56 items. The simple method of 
procedure is therefore to list only those symbols used by 
each department of any plant. Bearing in mind then, 
that each X number always means the same thing, a list 
is made up as follows. The plant letter is omitted below 
in every case, as it may be assumed that the following 
departments apply to one plant — A plant. The follow- 
ing lists are really abstracts from an instruction. The 
note at the top of each list refers to the expense distri- 
bution into order groups A, B, C, etc. This distribution 
does not have any particular bearing on the subject of 
symbols. It does, however, become a necessary consid- 
eration monthly when the various departmental expenses 
are prorated over that month's product. 

A Plant Department Expense Lists 

AlA — Office 

Total to be prorated to A, B, and C on the Total Direct Hour Basis 

Account 
Symbols 

lAXl Cashier's Salary 

IAX2 Clerical Wages 

1AX3 Other Labor (including Janitor, Telephone, Operator 

and Office Boy) 
1AX4 Supplies 
1AX5 Maintenance of Buildings and Structures 



INDIRECT EXPENSE SYMBOLS 25 

Account 
Symbols 

IAX6 Maintenance of Equipment, Furniture and Fixtures 

1AX7 Care of 

1AX8 Miscellaneous Dept. Expenses, not Supplies 

lAXll Fuel 

1^Z19 Traveling Expenses 

1AX23 Injuries to Employees 

1AX31 Defective and Damaged Material and Work 

1AX32 All Bad Work Expense 

1AX33 Telephone Calls 

lAXM Telegrams 

1AX35 Postage 

AlB — Local Sales Department 

Total to be prorated to A, B, and C on the Total Direct Hour Basis 

IBXl District Sales Manager's Salary 

1BX2 Clerical Wages 

1-BX3 Other Labor (including Salesmen and Service Inspector) 

1BX4: Supplies 

1BX5 Maintenance of Buildings and Structures 

15X6 ' ' of Equipment, Furniture and Fixtures 

1BX7 Care of 

1BX8 Miscellaneous Dept. Expense 

15X10 Experimental and Testing Expense 

15X18 Advertising Expense 

15X19 Traveling Expense (Sales only) 

15X20 Private Car Allowance Borne by the Company 

15X23 Injuries to Employees 

15X31 Defective and Damaged Material and Work 

15X32 All Bad Work Expense exclusive of 15X31 
15X33 Telephone Calls 
15X34 Telegrams 
15X35 Postage 



26 SYMBOLS 

A5C — Core Rooms (IC to 5C Inclusive) 
Total to be Prorated to A, B, and C on the 5C Total Direct Hour Basis 

Account 
Symbols 

5CX1 Foremen's Wages 

5CX2 Clerical Wages (including Shop Time Clerks) 

5CX3 Other Labor 

5CZ4 Supplies 

5CX5 Maintenance of Buildings and Structures 

5(7X6 Maintenance of Equipment, Furniture, and Fixtures 

5CX7 Care of 

5CX8 Miscellaneous Department Expense 

5CX9 " Small Tools 

5CX10 Experimental and Test Expense 

5CX11 Fuel 

5CX22 Sand 

5CX^23 Injuries to Employees 

5CX25 Inventory Expense 

5CX27 Replacement of Stock Chills 

5CX31 Defective and Damaged Material and Work 
5CX32 All Bad Work Expense Exclusive of 5(7X31 
5CX33 Telephone Calls 
5(7X34 Telegrams 
5CX35 Postage 

AID — Delivery Department 

Total to be Prorated to A, B, and C on the Total Direct Pound Basis 

IDXl Foremen's Wages 

1DX2 Clerical Wages 

1DX3 Other Labor (including Truck Drivers) 

1DX4 Supplies 

1DX5 Maintenance of Buildings and Structures 

1Z)X6 Maintenance of Equipment, Furniture and Fixtures 

1DX7 Care of 

1DX8 Miscellaneous Department Expense 

1DX9 " Small Tools 

1DX23 Injuries to Employees 



INDIRECT EXPENSE SYMBOLS 27 

Account 
Symbols 

1DX25 Inventory Expense 

IDXSO Outgoing Freight and Expense 

IDXSl Defective and Damaged Material and Work 

1DX32 All Bad Work Expense Exclusive of 1DX31 

1DXS3 Telephone Calls 

1Z)Z34 Telegrams 

1DX35 Postage 



AlE — Employment Bureau 
Total to be Prorated to A, B, and C on the Total Direct Hour Basis 

lEXl Employment Agent's Salary 

1EX2 Clerical Wages 

1^X3 Other Labor 

1^X4 Supplies 

1^X5 Maintenance of Buildings and Structures 

1^X6 Maintenance of Equipment, Furniture, and Fixtures 

1^X7 Care of 

1EX8 Miscellaneous Dept. Expenses 

1^X18 Advertising 

1^X19 Traveling Expense 

1^X23 Injuries to Employees 

1£'X31 Defective and Damaged Material and Work 

1^X32 All Bad Work Expense Exclusive of 1^X31 

1EXS3 Telephone Calls 

1^X34 Telegrams 

1^X35 Postage 



AlF — Aluminum Furnace Room 

Total to be Prorated only to A and C on a Pound Basis 

IFXl Foremen's Wages 

li^X2 Clerical Wages (including Shop Time Clerk) 

1FX3 Other Labor 

1FX4: Supplies (except Crucibles) 

1FX5 Maintenance of Buildings and Structures 



28 SYMBOLS 



Account 
Symbols 



IFXQ Maintenance of Equipment, Furniture and Fixtures 

IFX7 Care of 

1FX8 Miscellaneous Dept. Expense 

1FX9 " Small Tools 

IFXIO Experimental and Test Expense 

IFXn Fuel 

1FX13 Maintenance of G. E. and IngersoU-Rand Compressors 

and Piping for IJ^ 
1FX23 Injuries to Employees 
1FX25 Inventory Expense 
1FX26 Crucibles and Pots, for Aluminum only 

1FZ31 Defective and Damaged Material and Work 
1FXS2 All Bad Work Expense exclusive of IFXSl 
1FXS3 Telephone Calls 
IFXU Telegrams 
1FXS5 Postage 

A2F — Brass Furnace Room 

Total to be Charged only to 5 on a Pound Basis 

2FXI Foremen's Wages 

2FX2 Clerical Wages (including Shop Time Clerk) 

2FX3 Other Labor 

2FX4: Supplies (except Crucibles) 

2FX5 Maintenance of Buildings and Structures 

2FXQ ' ' of Equipment, Furniture, and Fixtures 

2FX7 Care of 

2FX8 Miscellaneous Department Expense 

2FX9 " Small Tools 

2FX10 Experimental and Test Expense 

2FX11 Fuel 

2FX23 Injuries to Employees 

2FX25 Inventory Expense 

2FX2Q Crucibles 

27^X31 Defective and Damaged Material and Work 

2FXS2 All Bad Work Expense exclusive of 2FX31 
2FXS3 Telephone Calls 
2FZ34 Telegrams 
2FXS5 Postage 



INDIRECT EXPENSE SYMBOLS 29 



AIG — Garage 
Total to be Prorated to A, B, and C on the Total Pound Basis 

Account 
Symbols 

IGXl Foremen's Wages (one-half to each a/c symbol) 

IGX2 Clerical Wages 

\GXZ Other Labor 

IGX4: Supplies 

1GX5 Maintenance of Buildings and Structures 

IGXQ Maintenance of Equipment, Furniture, and Fixtures 

IGX7 Care of 

\GX^ Miscellaneous Department Expense 

1(?Z9 '' Small Tools 

IGXIO Experimental and Test Expense 

IFXll Fuel 

1GX20 Maintenance of Motor Trucks, not including Private 

Cars 
1GX2Z Injuries to Employees 
1GX2d Inventory Expense 
1GX31 Defective and Damaged Material and Work 

1(?X32 All Bad Work Expense exclusive of IGXZl 
1GX33 Telephone Calls 
1GX34 Telegrams 
1GZ35 Postage 



AlH — Heat, Light, and Power 

Total to be Prorated to A, B, and C on the Total Direct Hour Basis 

IHXl Foremen's Wages 

IHX2 Clerical Wages 

IHXZ Other Labor 

mX4 Supplies 

IHXb Maintenance of Buildings and Structures 

liJX6 '' of Equipment, Furniture, and Fixtures 

IHXl Care of 

1HX8 Miscellaneous Department Expense 

1HX9 '' Small Tools 

IHXIO Experimental and Tests Expense 



30 SYMBOLS 



Account 
Symbols 



IHXll Fuel 

1HX12 Maintenance of Electrical Equipment in Entire Plant 

1HX13 ' ' of Air Compressors and Piping (exclusive 

1FX13) 
1HX14: * ' of Boiler, Stack, Pumps, and Accessories 

1HX15 '' of Steam and Water Piping Outside 

Engine and Boiler Room 

IHXIQ '' of Oil Pumps 

1HX17 " of A. B. Co., Indirect Heating System, 

entire. 
1HX23 Injuries to Employees 
1HX25 Inventory Expense 
1HX28 Electricity Purchased Outside 

1^X31 Defective and Damaged Material and Work 
1HXS2 All Bad Work Expense exclusive of 1HX31 
1HXS3 Telephone Calls 
IHXU Telegrams 
1HXS5 Postage 



All — Inspection Department 

Total to be Prorated only to A and C. Apply against A and C only 
and Applying on Direct Hour Basis for 1/ Direct Hours only 

1/Xl Chief Inspector 

11X2 Clerical Wages (including Shop Time Clerk) 

1/X3 Other Labor (including Assistant Inspectors) 

17X4 Supplies 

17X5 Maintenance of Buildings and Structures 

17X6 ' ' of Equipment, Furniture, and Fixtures 

17X7 Care of 

17X8 Miscellaneous Department Expense 

17X9 " Small Tools 

17X10 Experimental and Test Expense 

17X23 Injuries to Employees 
17X25 Inventory Expense 
17X29 Gas 



INDIRECT EXPENSE SYMBOLS 31 

Account 
Symbols 

17X31 Defective and Damaged Material and Work 
17X32 All Bad Work Expense exclusive of 17X31 
17X33 Telephone Calls 
17X34 Telegrams 
17X35 Postage 



AIJ — Janitors and Watchmen 

Total to be Prorated to A, B, and C on the Total Direct Hour Basis 

1 JXl Foremen's Wages 

1/X2 Clerical Wages 

1 JX3 Other Labor 

1/X4 Supplies 

1/X5 Maintenance of Buildings and Structures 

1/X6 ' ' of Equipment, Furniture, and Fixtures 

1 JX7 Care of Department 

1 JX8 Miscellaneous Dept. Expense 

1/X23 Injuries to Employees 

1/X25 Inventory Expense 

1/X31 Defective and Damaged Material and Work 
1/X32 All Bad Work Expense exclusive of 1/X31 
1/X33 Telephone Calls 
1JX34 Telegrams 
1JX35 Postage 

AlK — Carpenter Shop 

To be Listed with lU and IP as Part of Pattern Shop as a Separate 
Department not Applying to A, B, or C Costs. Add IKX Expense 
Total to IPX Expense Total and Divide the New Amount by the 
Total IP Direct Hours to Determine the Hourly Burden for IP. 

IKXl Foremen's Wages 

1KX2 Clerical Wages (including Shop Time Clerk) 

li^X3 Other Labor 

1ZX4 Supplies 

1KX5 Maintenance of Buildings and Structures 

IKXQ ' ' of Equipment, Furniture, and Fixtures 

IKX7 Care of 



32 SYMBOLS 



Account 
Symbols 



1KX8 Miscellaneous Dept. Expense 
1KX9 " Small Tools 

1/iXlO Experimental and Test Expense 

1KX21 Flask Expense 

1KX23 Injuries to Employees 

1KX25 Inventory Expense 

1A'X31 Defective and Damaged Material and Work 

1KXS2 All Bad Work Expense exclusive of IKXSl 

1XX33 Telephone Calls 
1A'Z34 Telegrams 
1KXS5 Postage 

AIL — Planning Room 

Total to be Prorated to A, B, and C on the Total Direct Hour Basis 

ILXl Production Clerk's Salary 

1LX2 Clerical Wages 

1LX3 Other Labor 

1LX4 Supplies 

1LX5 Maintenance of Buildings and Structures 

1LX6 '' of Equipment, Furniture, and Fixtures 

1LX7 Care of 

1LX8 Miscellaneous Department Expense 

1LX23 Injuries to Employees 

1LX25 Inventory Expense 

1LX31 Defective and Damaged Material and Work 
1LX32 All Bad Work Expense exclusive of 1LX31 
1LX33 Telephone Calls 
1LX34 Telegrams 
1LX35 Postage 



AIM — Molding Room 

Total to be Charged only to A and C. See following Sheet, Dept. 4M 

IMXl Foremen's Wages 

1MX2 Clerical Wages (including Shop Time Clerk) 

IMXS Other Labor 



INDIRECT EXPENSE SYMBOLS 33 

Account 
Symbols 

1MX4 Supplies 

1MX5 Maintenance of Buildings and Structures 

1MX6 ' ' of Equipment, Furniture, and Fixtures 

1MX7 Care of 

1MX8 Miscellaneous Department Expense 

1MX9 " Small Tools 

IMXIO Experimental and Test Expense 

1MX22 Sand 

1MX2S Injuries to Employees 

171^X25 Inventory Expense 

1MX27 Replacement of Stock Chills 

1MX31 Defective and Damaged Material and Work 

1MX32 All Bad Work Expense exclusive of IMXSl 
1MX33 Telephone Calls 
1MX34 Telegrams 
1MX35 Postage 



AiM — Molding Rooms (2M to 4M Inclusive) 

Total to be Charged only to A and C. Add Total of this Sheet to 
IMX Sheet and Divide by Total IM, 2M, 3M, and 4M Direct 
Hours 

4MX1 Foremen's Wages 

4MX2 Clerical Wages (including Shop Time Clerks) 

4MX3 Other Labor 

4ikrX4 Supplies 

4MX5 Maintenance of Buildings and Structures 

4MX6 ' ' of Equipment, Furniture, and Fixtures 

4MX7 Care of 

4MX8 Miscellaneous Department Expense 

4MX9 " Small Tools 

4iWX10 Experimental and Test Expense 

4MX22 Sand 

4MX23 Injuries to Employees 

4AfX25 Inventory Expense 

4MX27 Replacement of Stock Chills 

4MX31 Defective and Damaged Material and Work 



34 SYMBOLS 

Account 
Symbols 

4MX32 All Bad Work Expense exclusive of 4MX31 
4MX33 Telephone Calls 
4MZ34 Telegrams 
4MX35 Postage 

A5M — Brass Molding Room 

Total to be Charged only to B Prorated on Basis of 5M Direct Hours 

bMXl Foremen's Wages 

5MX2 Clerical Wages (including Shop Time Clerks) 

5MXS Other Labor 

5MX4 Supplies 

5MX5 Maintenance of Buildings and Structures 

5MXQ * ' of Equipment, Furniture, and Fixtures 

5MX7 Care of 

5MX8 Miscellaneous Department Expense 

5MX9 " Small Tools 

5MX10 Experimental and Test Expense 

5MX22 Sand 

5MX2S Injuries to Employees 

5MX25 Inventory Expense 

5^X27 Replacement of Stock Chills 

5MX31 Defective and Damaged Material and Work 

5MXS2 All Bad Work Expense exclusive of 5MXS1 
5MZ33 Telephone Calls 
5ilfX34 Telegrams 
5MX35 Postage 

AIN — Knockout Room 

Total to be Prorated only to A and C Divided by Lynite Direct Core 

Hours 

lA^Xl Foremen's Wages 

liVX2 Clerical Wages (including Shop Time Clerk) 

INXS Other Labor 

1NX4: Supplies 

liVX5 Maintenance of Buildings and Structures 



INDIRECT EXPENSE SYMBOLS 35 

Account 
Symbols 

INXQ Maintenance of Equipment, Furniture, and Fixtures 

1A^X7 Care of 

INXS Miscellaneous Department Expense 

liVZ9 " Small Tools 

lA^XlO Experimental and Test Expense 

1NX2S Injuries to Employees 

1A^Z25 Inventory Expense 

1NX31 Defective and Damaged Material and Work 

liVX32 All Bad Work Expense exclusive of lA^ZSl 

li\rZ33 Telephone Calls 

liVZ34 Telegrams 
1NXS5 Postage 



A 1 — Timekeeping 
Total to be Prorated to A, B, and C on the Total Direct Hour Basis 

10X1 Timekeeper's Wages 

10X2 Clerical Wages (not including Shop Time Clerks) 

10X3 Other Labor 

10X4 Supplies 

10X5 Maintenance of Buildings and Structures 

10X6 ' * of Equipment, Furniture, and Fixtures 

10X7 Care of 

10X8 Miscellaneous Department Expense 

10X23 Injuries to Employees 

10X25 Inventory Expense 

10X31 Defective and Damaged Material and Work 
10X32 All Bad Work Expense 
10X33 Telephone Calls 
10X34 Telegrams 
10X35 Postage 



36 SYMBOLS 



AlP — Pattern Shop 

A Separate Department not Applying to Subdivisions A, B, and C. 
Add IPX, IKX, and lUX Expense and Divide by the Total IP, 
IK and lU Direct Plours to Determine the Total Pattern Shop 
Burden per Hour. 

(Also see IK and If/) 

Account 
Symbols 

IP XI Foremen's Salary 

1PX2 Clerical Wages (including Shop Time Clerks) 

1PX3 Other Labor 

1PX4 Supplies 

1PX5 Maintenance of Buildings and Structures 

1PX6 " of Equipment, Furniture, and Fixtures 

IPX7 Care of 

IPXS Miscellaneous Department Expense 

1PX9 '' Small Tools 

IPXIO Experimental and Test Expense 

1PX23 Injuries to Employees 

1PX25 Inventory of Expense 

1PX31 Defective and Damaged Material and Work 

1PX32 All Bad Work Expense exclusive of 1PZ31 

1PZ33 Telephone Calls 

1PZ34 Telegrams 
1PZ35 Postage 



A2P — Pattern Storage 

Total to be Prorated to A, B, and (7 on a Basis of 5C, IM, 4:M, and 
5M Direct Hours 

2PX1 Pattern Clerk's Wages 

2PX2 Clerical 

2PZ3 Other Labor 

2PX4 Supplies 

2PX5 Maintenance of Buildings and Structures 

2PX6 ' ' of Equipment, Furniture, and Fixtures 

2PX7 Care of 



INDIRECT EXPENSE SYMBOLS 37 



Account 
Symbols 



2PXS Miscellaneous Dept. Expense 
2PX9 " Small Tools 

2PX23 Injuries to Employees 

2PX26 Inventory Expense 

2PX31 Defective and Damaged Material and Work 

2PZ32 All Bad Work Expense exclusive of 2PX31 

2PZ33 Telephone Calls 

2PZ34 Telegrams 

2PZ3-5 Postage 

AlQ — Sand Mixing (Core) 
Total to be Prorated to A, B, and C on the Basis of 5(7 Direct Hours 



IQXl 


Foreman's Wages 


1QX2 


Clerical Wages (including Shop Time Clerks) 


IQXS 


Other Labor 


1QX4: 


Supplies 


1QX5 


Maintenance of Buildings ana biructures 


1QX6 


' ' of Equipment, Furniture, and Fixtures 


1QX7 


Care of 


IQXS 


Miscellaneous Dept. Expense 


1QX9 


Small Tools 



IQXIO Experimental and Test Expense 

1QX23 Injuries to Employees 

1QX25 Inventory Expense 

1QX31 Defective and Damaged Materia! and Work 

1QX32 All Bad Work Expense exclusive of 1QX31 

1QX33 Telephone Calls 

1QX34 Telegrams 
JQX35 Postage 

AIR — Receiving Room 

Total to be Prorated to ^, P, and C on the Total Direct Hour Basis 

li^Xl Receiving Clerk's Salary 

1RX2 Clerical Wages 

IRXS Other Labor 

1RX4: Supplies 

1RX5 Maintenance of Buildings and Structures 



38 SYMBOLS 



Account 
Symbols 



IRXQ Maintenance of Equipment, Furniture, and Fixtures 

1RX7 Care of 

1RX8 Miscellaneous Dept. Expense 

172X19 Traveling Expense 

1RX2S Injuries to Employees 

1RX25 Inventory Expense 

IRXSO Incoming Freight and Expense 

IRXSl Defective and Damaged Material and Work 

1RXS2 All Bad Work Expense exclusive of IRXS) 

1RX33 Telephone Calls 

1RXS4: Telegrams 
1RXS5 Postage 

AlS — Shipping Room 

Total to be Prorated to A, B, and C on the Total Pound Basis 

ISXl Shipping Clerk's Salary 

1SX2 Clerical Wages 

1;SX3 Other Labor 

1^X4 Supplies 

1SX5 Maintenance of Buildings and Structures 

1*SX6 " of Equipment, Furniture, and Fixtures 

1aSX7 Care of 

1SX8 Miscellaneous Dept. Expense 

1;SX23 Injuries to Employees 

1^X25 Inventory Expense 

1<SX31 Defective and Damaged Material and Work 
1,SX32 All Bad Work Expense exclusive of 1;SX31 
1.SX33 Telephone Calls 
1.SX34 Telegrams 
1^X35 Postage 

AIT — Trimming Room 

Total to be Prorated only to A and C. Divide by Total 1 T Direct Hours 

1 TXl Foreman's Wages 

ITX2 Clerical Wages (including Shop Time Clerk) 



INDIRECT EXPENSE SYMBOLS 39 

Account 
Symbols 

ITXS Other Labor 

1TX4: Supplies 

1TX5 Maintenance of Buildings and Structures 

ITXQ " of Equipment, Furniture, and Fixtures 

1TX7 Care of 

1TX8 Miscellaneous Dept. Expense 

1TX9 " Small Tools 

1TX23 Injuries to Employees 

1TX25 Inventory Expense 

ITXSl Defective and Damaged Material and Work 

1TX32 All Bad Work Expense exclusive of 1^X31 

1TXS3 Telephone Calls 

ITXM Telegrams 

1TX35 Postage 



^4.27" — Sand Blasting Room 

Total to be Prorated only to A and C. Divide by Total 2T Direct Hours 

2TX1 Foreman's Wages 

2TX2 Clerical Wages 

2^X3 Other Labor 

2TX4: Supplies 

2TX5 Maintenance of Buildings and Structures 

2TX6 ' ' of Equipment, Furniture, and Fixtures 

2TX7 Care of 

2TX8 Miscellaneous Dept. Expense 

2^X9 " Small Tools 

2J'X10 Experimental and Test Expense 

2TX22 Sand 

2TX23 Injuries to Employees 

2TX25 Inventory Expense 

2!rX31 Defective and Damaged Material and Work 

2TX32 All Bad Work Expense exclusive of 27^X31 
2TX33 Telephone Calls 
27^X34 Telegrams 
2^X35 Postage 



40 SYMBOLS 

AST — Brass Knockout, Inspection and Trimming Room 
Total to be Charged only to B. Divide by Total ST Direct Hours 

Account 
Symbols 

37^X1 Foreman's Wages 

STX2 Clerical Wages (including Shop Time Clerks) 

STXS Other Labor 

STX4: Supplies 

STX5 Maintenance of Buildings and Structures 

STX6 " of Equipment, Furniture, and Fixtures 

STX7 Care of 

STXS Miscellaneous Dept. Expense 

3TX9 " Small Tools 

STXIO Experimental and Test Expense 

37'Z23 Injuries to Employees 

3TX25 Inventory Expense 

37^X31 Defective and Damaged Material and Work 

37^X32 All Bad Work Expense exclusive of 3^X31 

STXSS Telephone Calls 

3^X34 Telegrams 
3!rX35 Postage 



A4:T — Sand Blasting Room for Brass Castings 
Total to be Charged only to B. Divide by Total B Direct Hours 

4rXl Foreman's Wages 

4^X2 Other Labor 

47^X4 Supplies 

47^X5 Maintenance of Buildings and Structures 

47^X6 " of Equipment, Furniture, and Fixtures 

4TX7 Care of 

4rX8 Miscellaneous Department Expenses 
4TX9 y Small Tools 

47^X10 Experimental and Test Expense 
47X22 Sand 



INDIRECT EXPENSE SYMBOLS 41 

Account 
Symbols 

4:TX2S Injuries to Employees 

4TX25 Inventory Expense 

4:TX31 Defective and Damaged Material and Work 

4^X32 All Bad Work Expense exclusive of 4TX31 

47^X33 Telephone Calls 

47^X34 Telegrams 

4TX35 Postage 

A 1 U — Machinists 

To be Listed with IK and IP as Part of Pattern Shop. As a Separate 
Department not Applying to A, B, or C Costs. (See Department 
IP, page 36.) 

1 UXl Foreman's Wages 

1UX2 Clerical Wages 

lUXS Other Labor 

1UX4: Supplies 

1 UX5 Maintenance of Buildings and Structures 

1 UX6 ' ' of Equipment, Furniture, and Fixtures 

1UX7 Care of 

1 UX8 Miscellaneous Department Expense 

1UX9 '' Small Tools 

1 UX2S Injuries to Employees 

1 UX25 Inventory Expense 

lUXSl Defective and Damaged Material and Work 

1/7X32 All Bad Work Expense exclusive of lUXSl 

1C7X33 Telephone Calls 

1C/X34 Telegrams 

1C/X35 Postage 

A2U — Brass Finishing Shop 

Separate Dept. not Prorated to A, B, or C. Total 2UX Expense to 
be Divided by Total 2U Direct Hours to Determine the 2U Hourly 
Burden 

2C7X1 Foreman's Wages 

2UX2 Clerical Wages (including Shop Time Clerks) 

2t/X3 Other Labor 



42 SYMBOLS 

Account 
Symbols 

2UX4: Supplies 

2UX5 Maintenance of Buildings and Structures 

2UXQ " of Equipment, Furniture, and Fixtures 

2UX7 Care of 

2UX8 Miscellaneous Department Expense 

2UXQ " Small Tools 

2UX23 Injuries to Employees 

217X25 Inventory Expense 

2UX31 Defective and Damaged Material and Work 

2t/X32 All Bad Work Expense exclusive of 2UX31 

2 [7X33 Telephone Calls 

2 [7X34 Telegrams 

2C/X35 Postage 



AlV — Forge Shop 
Total to be Prorated to A, B, and C on Total Direct Hour Basis 

1 7X1 Foreman's Wages 
17X3 Other Labor 
1FX4 Supplies 

1 7X5 Maintenance of Buildings and Structures 

1 7X6 ' ' of Equipment, Furniture, and Fixtures 

17X7 Care of 

17X8 Miscellaneous Department expense 

17X9 " Small Tools 

17X10 Experimental and Test Expense 

17X11 Fuel 

17X23 Injuries to Employees 

1 7X25 Inventory Expense 

17X31 Defective and Damaged Material and Work 

17X32 All Bad Work Expense exclusive of 17X31 
17X33 Telephone Calls 
17X34 Telegrams 
17X35 Postage 



INDIRECT EXPENSE SYMBOLS 43 



AlW — Welding Department 
Total to be Prorated to A and C. Divide by Total IW Direct Hours 

Account 
Symbols 

IIFXI Foreman's Wages 

1WX2 Clerical Wages (including Shop Time Clerks) 

IWXS Other Labor (exclusive of 117X24) 

1WX4: Supplies 

1WX5 Maintenance of Buildings and Structures 

117X6 " of Equipment, Furniture, and Fixtures 

1WX7 Care of 

1WX8 Miscellaneous Department Expense 

1WX9 " Small Tools 

1TFX23 Injuries to Employees 

1WX24 Acetylene House — Entire Maintenance and Supply 

Expense — Including Wages 
lirX25 Inventory Expense 
lirX31 Defective and Damaged Material and Work 

1WX32 All Bad Work Expense exclusive of 1TFX31 
1FX33 Telephone Calls 
1T7X34 Telegrams 
lTfX35 Postage 



A lOX— (Stores IX to lOX Inclusive) 

Total to be Prorated to A, B, and C on a Total Pound Basis 

lOXXl Stock Keeper's Wages 

10XX2 Clerical Wages 

10XX3 Other Labor 

10XX4 Supplies 

10XX5 Maintenance of Buildings and Structures 

10XX6 ' * of Equipment, Furniture, and Fixtures 

10XX7 Care of 

10XX8 Miscellaneous Department Expense 

10XX9 '' Small Tools 

10XX23 Injuries to Employees 



44 SYMBOLS 



Account 
Symbols 



10XX25 Inventory Expense 

10XX31 Defective and Damaged Material and Work 

10ZX32 All Bad Work Expense exclusive of 10ZZ31 

10XZ33 Telephone Calls 

10ZZ34 Telegrams 

10XZ35 Postage 



^IIX — Move Material Department 

Total to be Prorated to A, B, and C on Total Pound Basis 

llXXl Foreman's Wages 

11XX2 Clerical Wages 

11XX3 Other Labor 

11XX4 Supplies 

11XX5 Maintenance of Buildings and Structures 

11XX6 " of Equipment, Furniture, and Fixtures 

11XX7 Care of 

11XX8 Miscellaneous Department Expense 

11XX9 " Small Tools 

11XX23 Injuries to Employees 

11XX25 Inventory Expense 

11XX31 Defective and Damaged Material and Work 

11XX32 All Bad Work Expense exclusive of 11XX31 

11XX33 Telephone Calls 

11XX34 Telegrams 

11XX35 Postage 



AIY — Yard Department 

Total to be Prorated to A, B, and C on a Total Direct Hour Basis 

17X1 Foremen's Wages 
17X2 Clerical Wages 
17X3 Other Labor 
17X4 SuppHes 

17X5 Maintenance of Fence, Yard, Structures, Drains. 
Grading, etc. 



INDIRECT EXPENSE SYMBOLS 45 

Account 
Symbols 

17X6 Maintenance of Equipment, Furniture, and Fixtures 

1YX7 Care of 

1YX8 Miscellaneous Dept. Expense 

1YX9 " Small Tools 

17X23 Injuries to Employees 

1 7X25 Inventory Expense 

17X31 Defective and Damaged Material and Work 

17X32 All Bad Work Expense exclusive of 17X31 

17X33 Telephone Calls 

17X34 Telegrams 

17X35 Postage 

AlZ — Maintenance Department 

Total to be Prorated to A, B, and C on Total Direct Hour Basis 

IZXl Foreman's Wages 

1ZX2 Clerical Wages (including Shop Time Clerks) 

1ZX3 Other Labor 

1ZX4: Supplies 

1ZX5 Maintenance of Buildings and Structures 

1ZX6 ' ' of Equipment, Furniture, and Fixtures 

1ZX7 Care of 

1ZX8 Miscellaneous Department Expense 

1ZX23 Injuries to Employees 

1ZX25 Inventory Expense 

1ZX31 Defective and Damaged Material and Work 
1ZX32 All Bad Work Expense exclusive of 1ZX31 
1ZX33 Telephone Calls 
1ZX34 Telegrams 
1ZX35 Postage 

If the reader will carefully study the foregoing depart- 
mental indirect expense symbol analysis he will have no 
difficulty in preparing one to suit his own needs. The 
items have been determined after careful study. Those 
which may be used in practically every case are XI to 
Zll inclusive, X17, X18, X19, X20, X23, X25, X28, X29, 



46 SYMBOLS 

X31, X32, X33, Z34, X35, and X51 to X56 inclusive. 
The special requirements of any specific business can be 
fully covered by the remaining X numbers. 

4-C. General Indirect Expense Symbols 

The method of determining the general indirect expense 
is exactly the same as that described above in 4-A for 
plant indirect expense. The list of items covered by the 
expense subdivisions XI to X56 inclusive also apply to 
the GAX to GXX group of general divisions. The actual 
description of each of the 56 items is also practically the 
same with one or two modifications. 

GAXl, of course, includes only the salary of the admin- 
istrative head (the president or chairman of the board), 
depending on the type of organization. GBXl covers the 
salary of the general sales manager and so on down the 
list. Some of the GX divisions use more of the items 1 
to 56 than others. This is governed, of course, by the 
functions of each GX division. 

The general research division GRX will use items that 
perhaps the GCX or GBX group will have no expenditures 
for. This is true also of the GLX, GOX, GTX, and per- 
haps some others of the GX group. A careful analysis of 
the detail of the particular case to which symbols are to 
be applied will regulate the amount of division necessary 
to get a practicable analysis of indirect expense for these 
general divisions. 

The general indirect expense symbols are formed by 
the addition of a numeral from 1 to 56 to the general 
division symbol. The form of symbol appears thus, 
GAXl, GAX2, etc. The following list of general expense 
divisions in condensed form may be readily understood 
if the fact is borne in mind that each of the GX group 
should be provided with its own list of just what items 
its expense is divided into. As above explained, these 



INDIRECT EXPENSE SYMBOLS 



47 



items are chosen from the same Hst that is given complete 
in Chapter IV, section 4-A. The only difference is that 
for each of the following GX groups the title of the incum- 
bent whose salary is covered by XI is changed and one 
group may need fewer or more of the 56 items. In no 
case will all of the 56 be used in by any one group. 



List of General Expense Symbols 

Total Expenses of these Divisions are to be Prorated to each 
Plant Monthly 

GAXl to 56 General Administrative 
GBXl to 56 
GCXl to 56 
GDXl to 56 
GEXl to 56 



GFXl to 56 
GGXl to 56 
GHXl to 56 
GIXl to 56 
GJXl to 56 

GKXl to 56 
GLXl to 56 
GMXl to 56 
GNXl to 56 
GOXl to 56 

GPXl to 56 
GQXl to 56 
GRXl to 56 
GSXl to 56 
GTXl to 56 

GUXl to 56 
GVXl to 56 
GWXl to 56 
GXXl to 56 
GYXl to 56 
GZXl to 56 



Sales 

Comptroller's Office, Cleveland 

Delivery 

Employees, Liability Insurance, etc. 

Finance 

Garage 

Heating, Light, and Power 

Investigation (Legal and Patent Work only) 

Janitors, Watchmen, Special Guards, etc. 

Katalogs, Advertising, Literature, etc. 

Laboratory (Chemical) 

Manager 

Organizing Engineer and General Operating 
Purchasing 

Research (Plant R) 
Special Committee 
Time Study and Technical 

Engineering 

Vaults, Files, etc. 

Welfare 

Emergency (Expense Distribution only) 

Yards, Grounds, etc. 

Maintenance 



48 SYMBOLS 

4-D. EQUIPMENT INDIRECT EXPENSE SYMBOLS 

In the foregoing pages the analysis of plant and depart- 
mental indirect expense has been explained in detail. In 
the lists of indirect expense subdivisions it will be noticed 
that X6 always represents maintenance of equipment. 
This symbol used in combination with any plant, depart- 
ment, or general division always represents the total expense 
for the period covered and for the plant or department 
indicated by the prefixed symbol. 

The symbol X6 preceded by A represents maintenance 
of equipment in plant A not identified with any one 
department. The symbol so written, AXQ, will be rarely, 
if ever, used. In the majority of cases the symbol will 
indicate departmental equipment, as, for example, the 
prefix 2^ or 5M. The list as invariably reported will, 
therefore, be 2UXQ, 5MX6, or 37^X6, etc. 

The reader should not overlook the fact that the sub- 
ject is only the total expense divisions XQ as it appears 
monthly in the final report of indirect expense. Therefore, 
on the operating statement will be found among other 
divisions, the item X6 preceded as above explained by 
either the plant letter A, B, C, etc. (^X6, BXQ, CX6), 
or by a department symbol as 1AX6, 15X6, 3CX6, 4ArX6, 
1GX6, etc. 

The figures reported in total are made up from the 
machine or work point indirect expense list arranged by 
equipment symbol. This X6 analysis is obtained by 
devoting one column of a set of cost sheets to each equip- 
ment symbol in each department or plant. Each column 
is headed with X6 symbol in combination with the equip- 
ment symbol. 

To further illustrate: various machines in 2U have a 
consecutive set of columns headed, say X6L1, X6L2, 
X6L3, XQDl, X6jB2, etc. All maintenance charges are 
daily posted to the column headed by the machine symbol 



INDIRECT EXPENSE SYMBOLS 49 

on which each item of such expense was incurred. The 
totals are hsted each month by machine symbol. Each 
department total is reported in a lump sum as shown 
(in section 4-B) against X6. 

In practice the distribution of maintenance expense 
X6, is after all, a very simple matter. As the symbol X6 
is universally used to represent the same thing, and this 
is true of all X symbols, the simple addition of any equip- 
ment symbol is all that is necessary to get a complete 
maintenance expense analysis. All equipment has its own 
symbol plainly stenciled in 3'' letters so that no employee 
can fail to identify each unit. This method assures accu- 
rate recording of charges on the part of timekeepers, main- 
tenance men, foremen, stock keepers, or others having 
to do with expenditures of this kind. 

In plants having equipment that is used in various 
departments, the X6 distribution may be reported in 
total, monthly, as a local plant item, such as AX6, BXQ, 
etc., but ordinarily, as above explained, the totals are dis- 
tributed to each department. The key to all equipment 
symbols is described below in Chapter VI, sections 6-A 
and 6-B. 

4-E. Factory Indirect Expense Symbols 

Indirect expense of maintenance of buildings and 
structures is always represented by X5. This indirect 
expense is handled in substantially the same way as has 
been explained above for equipment. In the case of 
factory maintenance, symbol X5, one has, on the whole, 
fewer subdivisions to follow. Aside from the expense X5 
against the plant as a whole, the only divisions possible, 
are those provided for by the department symbolization. 

If the reader will refer back to Chapter III, section 
3-A, he will find emphasis has been laid on the importance 
of carefully defining department limits. Great importance 



50 SYMBOLS 

is attached to this phase of the subject. The proper analy- 
sis of indirect expense, and its accurate distribution later, 
to the product manufactured, cannot be brought under 
correct and adequate control unless the caution given 
in 3-A has been carefully heeded. 

Working now on the assumption that the department 
limits have been correctly defined and symbolized, the 
expense of maintenance of buildings and structures per- 
taining to each department can be readily controlled. It 
should be explained here that the term ^^ buildings and 
structures^' as used here covers all fixtures, etc., not spec- 
ified as belonging to the equipment group. In other 
words, all movable equipment and apparatus not actually 
part of the building itself, nor necessary to it as a building, 
belongs in the equipment class. Chapter VI, sections 
6-A and 6-B, cover this in detail. 

It is therefore evident that the limitations of the use 
of the symbol X5 are very definitely determined by the 
department symbols. It is also evident that all X5 ex- 
penditures must be identified in detail by the prefix con- 
sisting of the department symbol. If the reader will refer 
back to Chapter IV, section 4-B, he will see X5 used in 
combination with the department symbol. The indirect 
expense is, therefore, expressed as 1^X5, 15X5, etc., as 
the case may be. 

The use of X5 is also possible in connection with main- 
tenance expenditures on land or buildings that cannot be 
conveniently split up over several departments. If there 
are several departments in one building and this building 
and probably others of the plant (say A plant) are being 
repainted, the cost should be charged to AX 5. On the 
other hand, if the expenditure is one that can readily be 
subdivided it should be charged to the departments bene- 
fiting by such expenditure. 



CHAPTER V 

ORDER AND JOB GROUP SYMBOLS 

5-A. Order Group Symbols 
5-B. Work Numbers 

5-A. ORDER GROUP Symbols 

To subdivide properly a variety of product to permit 
of correct costing, it becomes necessary to have a series of 
general order symbols. These symbols, like all others in 
the system, have a formation distinct in themselves. The 
general order symbols consist of a characteristic letter 
followed by a numeral and small letter, which formation 
is important as will be explained later. 

The use of order symbols has a very important bearing 
on costs, as they permit of a subdivision of orders and a 
classification of product that is otherwise impossible. This 
classification is absolutely necessary to true costs, both 
direct and indirect. The grouping of product into order 
groups and the subdivision of each order of each group 
is necessary before the order is received. It should first 
be done by the estimator before a quotation is made. 
When the order is finally booked, the order clerk should 
classify and subdivide the order to agree with the esti- 
mator's record. 

The author's order group letters have been standardized 
to the following: 

Ala and upwards — A Class Product 
Bla '' —5 Class Product 

Cla " —C Class Product 

Dla " —D Class Product 

51 



52 SYMBOLS 

Fl and upwards — Buildings and Structures 
LI '' —Stock Orders 

Mia ' ' — Miscellaneous Orders for Product 

PI " —Plant Equipment 

XI, etc., are Expense Symbols as above explained in these 
pages 

The above order groups may be extended to suit any 
desired grouping, though for the advantage of standardiza- 
tion, F, L, P, and X should always be used as above men- 
tioned. All the remaining letters of the alphabet are 
available and will meet every need. In the author's exper- 
ience it has not become necessary to itemize the F, L, 
and P groups, and of course the standard numbers for the 
X symbol group covers the indirect subdivisions. As all 
the Fy L, and P orders originate with the producing plant, 
each order can be made to conform to the desired sub- 
division. This is preferable in these cases, and it is simply 
a case of issuing a sufficient number of orders to suit the 
requirements of each case. 

Order groups Ala, Bla, Cla, Dla, Mia, and any 
other similar groups (not F, L, P, and X) represent only 
product being manufactured to sell to customers, official 
and duly approved orders for which have been received 
and booked. It is, of course, desirable to use suggestive 
letters for these groups so that the characteristic letter will 
help to identify the product to be supplied on that par- 
ticular order. 

Each order group symbol should be used in combination 
with the plant letter. Thus, AAla means an A plant 
order, Group A; CAlOa represents a C plant order, group 
A, serial number 10, item a. If there is but one plant, 
the plant letter may be omitted. 

If an order has four items, the order symbol would 
be for example, A120a-d. This shows at a glance that 
^120 has four items, a, h, c, and d. The general order 
form is so arranged that the order symbol may be shown 



ORDER AND JOB GROUP SYMBOLS 53 

as above written, A120a-d, In the body of the order to 
the left a narrow column is provided so that each item 
letter, a, h, c, and d, may appear in the margin beside 
the specification of each item. In. referring to any item 
of an order, say A120a-d, each item would be spoken of 
or recorded as A120a, ^1206, A120c, or A120d, If an 
order has but one item, it always has the suffix a; for 
example; ^ 1261a indicates at a glance that there is but 
one item. The above explanation applies, of course, to 
any of the '^ product^' order groups. See Chapter X, 
section 10-C, for a further description of sub-class symbols. 

Orders for new factory or land, or additions and bet- 
terments are issued in the F group. For the reasons already 
explained, there is no necessity for itemizing this group. 
The same is also true of P group, which apphes only to 
new equipment, additions or betterment, exclusive of that 
covered by the F group. Each successive order in any 
group takes the next open number. 

The L order group represents '^lots'' of one kind, type 
and size to be made at one time and only for stock. These 
stock orders when completed are cl'osed out and the total 
cost of same determines the figure at which each different 
lot is charged into stores. 

If a lot of say, 10 machines, parts for which were in 
stock or coming through for stock, were to be assembled, 
an L order, say L560, would be issued to cover same. 
The material would be drawn from stock on a material 
list and charged to order L560, on which the assembling 
was to be done. The assembhng time of L560 plus the 
assembling process rates, plus the material drawn from 
stock, will give the total cost of L560. 

5-B. Work Numbers 

Modern management methods involve careful analysis 
of orders into operations before the work is permitted to 
be processed in the shops. The analysis should include 



54 SYMBOLS 

all departments having anything to do with any operation 
on any piece of any order. The general order is usually 
issued only in duphcate or triphcate when these methods 
are used. All shop work is routed in detail from the 
Planning Room by the medium of the work order. 

The work order is usually a 5'' X3'' form. One work 
order is issued in triplicate for each operation of each 
piece. One copy remains in a numerical file, a second 
copy remains on the planning board and the triplicate 
copy goes to the department which is to do the work 
called for by that particular work order. 

Work orders are identified by the work number which 
appears on each. All time is charged to this work number 
by the shop time clerks. Whenever time is spent on any 
work number the work numbers are canceled as fast as 
each work order is completed. All time is transposed to 
the order symbol before the job time card coupon reaches 
the cost clerks for distribution to the cost sheet for that 
particular order. This transposing is done through the 
medium of the numerical file copy referred to in the pre- 
ceding paragraphs. 

The various columns on the cost sheet are headed by 
the work numbers used on that particular job, which pre- 
vents posting time or material charges to the wrong cost 
sheet, or into the wrong column. A check is also established 
to prevent time being put through for work orders already 
canceled. Work orders are also issued for work to be 
charged to any group of XI to X56 indirect expense items. 

The work order series are plain numbers starting at 
1 and running to 99,999 and repeating. This series of 
plain numbers is the only one used, as all other symbols 
have letters in combination with numerals. The early 
numbers become canceled long before 99,999 has been 
reached, so there is no danger of duplication of figures 
between two series. 



CHAPTER VI 

EQUIPMENT SYMBOLS 

Equipment symbols are necessary to the definite iden- 
tification of each piece of equipment. These symbols are 
also absolutely essential to the determination of process 
rates as a means of distributing indirect expense. The 
equipment symbol is formed by two letters followed by 
a numeral. The first of these letters is the plant letter. 
The second letter indicates the class or kind of apparatus 
or equipment. The numeral following these two letters 
is the serial number of each piece of equipment of its 
class. 

The use of a plant letter for the first character may at 
times seem unnecessary, but the reader must not over- 
look the fact that unlimited expansion has been provided 
for. If the scheme described in these pages is followed 
in detail, considerable confusion will be avoided in event 
of sudden expansion. Present-day business undergoes 
many changes. The not unusual rapid growth of so many 
of our industries proves how difficult it is to try to pre- 
dict what the probable future of a business will be. 

For obvious reasons, it therefore becomes necessary to 
assume that sufficient flexibility must be assured to meet 
any unexpected demand in the way of sudden additions. 
The symbolizing of equipment is also very important 
from an accounting standpoint. All physical inventory 
items, identified by symbols, constitutes an invaluable 
record for the comptroller. It assures absolute check on 
all property items, both in connection with current values, 
process rates and last, but not least, depreciation. 

55 



56 SYMBOLS 

The greater number of plants there are, the more 
necessity for starting right and maintaining definite con- 
trol of all equipment items. If the records are to be 
kept correctly and up to date, symbols are almost an 
absolute necessity. In this connection, the reader should 
note that all P orders, see Chapter V, section 5-A, should 
show the equipment symbol for each item at the time the 
order is originated. If the P orders are properly made 
out and complete in detail, including the symbol, then 
all succeeding records can easily be kept correct. The 
method automatically controls the origin of all equipment 
symbols and assures both accounting room and production 
department an easy check on all cost distributions. 

If the reader will refer to Chapter II, he will find a 
typical list of plant symbols, viz. : 

A — Atlanta Plant 
B — Baltimore Plant 
C— Cleveland Plant 
Z)— Detroit Plant 
^— Erie Plant 
iP— Fitchburg Plant 
G — Galveston Plant 
N — Newton Plant 
R — Research Plant 

Based on the scheme above outlined, the first letter 
represents the plant. The second letter the class of equip- 
ment, and the numeral the serial number of that particular 
item. A piece of apparatus belonging in the DA class 
will be, for example, DAI, DA2>, etc. Likewise, equipment 
belonging in the DC class would be symbolized Z)(76, 
Z)C261, etc. The equipment symbol should be plainly 
stenciled in 3'' letters on the front of each machine or 
apparatus whenever its size will permit. Otherwise stamp 
the symbol into the main part, at the front. When using 
a stamp, indicate its location by stencihng a circle around 
the imprint. 



EQUIPMENT SYMBOLS 57 

The following is a typical list of equipment classifica- 
tions adapted to the requirements of plant N. The list 
below, though adapted to a particular plant, contains 
standard divisions which can be used by almost any kind 
of business with httle or no change. Where the class 
description is not sufficient definitely to describe what 
belongs in that group an explanation has been added. 
No attempt has been made to list every possible article 
that can come into any one group. On the other hand, 
the following list is in sufficient detail to be self-explanatory. 

Typical List of Equipment Symbols 
(Listed for Plant N) 
NA — Air Compressors, Blowers and Fans. 
(NAl and upward) 
Includes air tanks and all characteristic accessories, such as 
air lines, piping, etc. Also includes stoves, foundations, pipe hangers, 
trenches, and miscellaneous necessary fastenings, and all labor of 
installation. 

NB — Boring and Drilling Machines 
{NBl and upward) 

NC — Conveying, Elevating, and Hoisting Machinery 
{NCI and upward) 
Includes industrial and overhead railway systems with rolling 
stock, ele\ators, traveling cranes, hand hoists, hand trucks, plat- 
form trucks, gravity conveyors, sand elevators, and hoppers, transfer 
tables, loading cranes. Also includes foundations, pipe hangers, 
trenches, pits and miscellaneous fastenings and all labor of installation. 

ND — Presses, etc. 

{NDl and upward) 

NE — Electric Motor and Other Electrical Equipment, Generators, etc. 
{NEl and upward) 
Includes all motors, wiring for light and power, lamps, trans- 
formers, generators, magnetos, call-bells, etc. Also includes founda- 
tions, pipe hangers, trenches, and miscellaneous necessary fastenings, 
and all labor of installation. 



58 SYMBOLS 

NF — Furnaces, Ovens and Forges 
{NFl and upward) 
Includes all melting furnaces, grating, etc., with cost of excava- 
tion for furnace pits, oil burners for heating furnaces, etc. Also 
blacksmith's forges, etc. Also includes skimming barrel and hood 
used in extracting good aluminum from skimmings. Also includes 
foundations, pipe hangers, trenches, and miscellaneous necessary 
fastenings, and all labor of installation. Also all ovens, forges, etc. 

NG — Grinders, Buffing Wheels, etc. 
{NGl and upward) 
Includes emery wheel stands, abrasive equipment, buffing wheels 
and sand blast outfit complete. Also includes foundations, pipe 
hangers, trenches, pits, and miscellaneous fastenings, and all labor 
of installation. 

NH — Boiler Room and Like Equipment 
{NHl and upward) 
Includes boiler and all characteristic accessories, such as feed 
pumps, vacuum pumps, oil pumps, traps, etc. Also includes all 
steam pipes, and fittings throughout the entire plant. Also all 
foundations, pipe hangers, trenches, and miscellaneous necessary 
fastenings and all labor of installation. Also furnaces with entire 
system of steam pipes and radiation for heating of offices. 

NI — Instruments and Apparatus 
{Nil and upward) 
Such as pyrometers, time clocks, gauges, etc. Also all scales 
and weight apparatus, etc. Also fastenings, supports, and labor 
of installation. 

NJ — Jigs, Special Fixtures, Angle and Surface Plates, etc., not in NZ 
Class 

{NJl and upward) 

NK — Keyseating Machines other than Milling Type 
(NKl and upward) 

NL — Lathes 

{NLl and upward) 



EQUIPMENT SYMBOLS 59 

NM — Milling and Gear-cutting Machines 
{NMl and upward) 

NN — Not Otherwise Classified 
(NNl and upward) 
Includes all equipment, apparatus, etc., not indicated by any 
of the other classes in this Hst. It should be noted that only enough 
detail is given for each class clearly to indicate what equipment 
belongs in that class. 

NO — Ovens and Dryers 

(NOl and upward) 
Includes first cost of all core ovens, comprising such items as 
foundations, excavation for firing pits, construction material, core 
oven trucks, etc. Also pipe hangers, trenches and miscellaneous 
necessary fastenings and connections and all labor of installation. 

NP — Planers, Slotting and Shaping Machines 
{NPl and upward) 
Includes shafting, hangers, pulleys, gears, chains, belting, etc. 
Also fastenings, supports and labor of installation. 

NQ — Sand Working Machines 

(NQl and upward) 
Molding and core making machines, sand mixers, screens, etc. 

NR — Research and Laboratory Equipment (Special) 
{NRl and upward) 

NS — Sawing Machinery, not Wood Working 
(A^^l and upward) 
Includes wood and metal flasks, jackets, bottom boards, etc. 

NU — Welding Equipment 

{NUl and upward) 
Includes such items as acetylene gas generators with piping to 
welding room, welding torches, welding furnaces, oxygen tanks, etc. 
Also includes foundations, pipe hangers, trenches, and miscella- 
neous necessary fastenings, and all labor of installation. 

NV — Vises, Bench and Stands Forming a Work Point. 
{NVl and upward) 



60 SYMBOLS 

NW — ^Wood Working Machinery 
{NWl and upward) 
Includes such items as circular saws and tables, joiners, wood 
planers, trimmers, wood-working speed lathes, and other typical 
wood-working machinery not used for metal. 

NX — Storage Tanks, Benches, Racks, Bins, etc. 
{NXl and upward) 
Includes all such items as furniture, fixtures, storage tanks, 
racks, stock bins, core benches and racks, molders' benclies and 
racks, core carriers, clothes lockers, time clerks' and formen's desks, 
sand bins, chill bins, metal bins, clock-card cases and racks, water 
tanks, lantern cases, work-order cases, core and molding horses, 
tables and seats in wash room, shelving, machine oil tanks, gasolene 
tanks, gasolene pumps, inspection and solderers' benches, testing 
pans, water test, chipping blocks, rubbish bins inside plant, heating 
stoves. Also contents of superintendent's office. Also includes 
large fuel oil storage tanks, also concrete foundations and all fuel 
oil pipes and fittings up to, but not including burners for furnace 
and ovens, for which see classification in DF and DO respectively. 

NY — Yard Equipmenx 

{NYl and upward) 
Includes bins in yard, such as rubbish bins and iron pot bins. 
Also lawn mowers, dump wagons, dump carts, etc. 

NZ — Miscellaneous Small Tools 
(NZl and upward) 
Includes drills, taps, reamers, collets, arbors, forged tools, cutters, 
insert tools and holders, dogs, drivers, etc., etc., property in tool 
room group and miscellaneous. 



CHAPTER VII 

DRAWING SYMBOLS 

Drawings may be divided into two chief classes. 
Assembly drawings depict a group of several or more 
parts, layouts incident to designing, timing of mechanical 
motions, etc., etc. All drawings belong in the '^assembly" 
class that are not ''details" of only one piece. If a sheet 
shows more than one piece, even though each is figured 
in detail with ample views, such a sheet is properly classed 
with the ''assembly'^ group as far as this discussion of 
drawing symbols is concerned. 

The other class covers those drawings which are ^'de- 
tails," each sheet depicting but one kind, design, and size 
of piece. Modern methods of management require an 
exactness of detail and flexibility that makes necessary 
a separate drawing sheet for each different piece. The 
symbolizing of these ''detail" sheets is made to conform 
to the requirements of piece symbols also, as will be explained 
below. 

All drawings, whether '^ assembly" or "detail,'^ consist 
primarily of a characteristic letter followed by a dash and 
a numeral. In the case of the "detail" sheets a letter 
X follows the numeral. 

The characteristic letter forming part of all drawing 
symbols indicates the size of the drawing sheet. This 
identification becomes necessary for fifing purposes. It is 
evident that various sizes of sheets must be used not only, 
for the sake of convenience and economy, but also to save 
space. A layout or assembly will often require a 36'' X48'' 

61 



62 SYMBOLS 

sheet, whereas the detail of a screw or bolt needs but a 
^" X^" sheet. The sizes of sheets indicated by the first 
letter of the symbol forms a direct reference to the drawer 
file in which it may be found, or in which it belongs. The 
numeral indicates its position in that drawer in relation 
to other sheets of the same size. The standard sheet sizes 
identified by letter are as follows : 

A Size — 6X9 Inches (Used chiefly for written records of 
standard commercial articles) 



B 




— 9X12 




C 




—12X18 




D 




—18X24 




E 




—24X36 




F 




—36X48 




G 




—48X72 




S 




—Special ; 


sizes 



Drawings belonging in the assembly group are symbol- 
ized by using the sheet letter representing the size of 
sheet on which the drawing is made, followed by the next 
open serial number for that size. The dash must always 
be used immediately after the latter so as to maintain 
the symbol formation. This symbol formation does not 
then duplicate any other kind of symbol. Accordingly, 
the first ''assembly'^ drawing made on an F sheet (36'' X48'0 
has the Symbol F-1. The second drawing on same size 
sheet will be symbolized F-2; the third F-3, and so on. 
Symbols such as G-261, £'-218, etc., therefore represent 
assembly drawings on various size sheets. 

Detail drawings are symbolized in exactly the same 
manner, except that the numeral is followed by the letter 
X. This letter X is always used to indicate a single piece. 
Drawing C-126 means a drawing showing several parts, 
whereas drawing C-127X means a drawing of a single 
piece shown in complete detail. There is never any dupli- 
cation of numbers, however, for any one size of sheet. 



DRAWING SYMBOLS 63 

If the last number in the C group was C-126 for an assembly 
and the next C sheet was to be used for a detail drawing, 
it would carry the symbol C-127X. 

There are certain modifications in the way of suffixes 
to be considered in connection with the detail drawings of 
pieces mentioned in the preceding paragraph. These mod- 
ifications become necessary when estabhshing piece symbols 
to conform to the detail drawing symbols. As above 
explained, the X forming part of a drawing symbol indi- 
cates a single piece. The piece may be machined special 
and would require a new drawing and symbol. Modi- 
fications of machining details are indicated by adding a 
letter after the X, as C-192XA or G-1216XE, etc. A 
pattern altered from standard is identified by suffixing a 
number. Symbol (t-129X1 means a drawing showing a 
pattern alteration of a part originally constructed as per 
drawing G-129X. 

The following chapter fully discusses the method of 
symbohzing pieces. It is only necessary to mention them 
here in emphasis of the fact that the detail drawing symbol 
is identical with the piece symbol. This should be borne 
in mind when considering the above mentioned modifica- 
tions, and when studying Chapter VIII. 

All sheets of the same characteristic letter, file in the 
same or adjacent drawers, or compartments of the same 
drawer. If there are several different parts formed by 
modifications of, for example, part C-129X, they might 
be known as C-129X1, C-129X2, C-129XA, and C-129XB. 
In this case, they will all be found in the C drawer or 
compartment in numerical order as shown above. The 
drawing C-129X will be immediately below drawing C-128 
(or C-128X if it happens to be a detail sheet). Following 
C-129X will be found C-129X1 and so on. 

There will be brought into use as time goes on a number 
of standard commercial articles. These articles must be 
symbolized for identification purposes as explained below 



64 SYMBOLS 

in Chapter VIII. In the majority of cases it will not be 
necessary to make a drawing of each of these pieces. 
The best method of identification is to symbohze them in 
the A group as ^-162-X, etc. For each piece so sym- 
bohzed, an A sheet should be symboUzed and filed. The 
drawing sheet should bear a written description of the 
piece, the maker's name, number, size, style, catalog num- 
ber and date, and any other data that are necessary to form 
a complete record and specifications for the drafting room. 
Do not overlook the fact that the engineering or drafting 
room must have a detail drawing record (either drawn or 
written) of every part symbol described below in Chapter 
VIII. These written records can be readily made on 
the A sheets. The A group in the majority of cases will 
therefore indicate commercial parts that can be purchased 
ready for use. 

Drawing filing cases must, of course, be provided with 
drawers or compartments of the proper sizes to take the 
above-mentioned sizes of sheets, namely. A, B, C, D, F, 
and G. By this arrangement all A size sheets (6''X9'0 
will be together, or in adjacent compartments. They will 
be arranged numerically in the order of the number follow- 
ing the characteristic ' ^ sheet ^' letter. This same arrange- 
ment is followed throughout for each size of drawing 
sheet. 

The reader is referred to Chapter VIII, wherein the 
piece symbol formation is described, and to Chapter X, 
wherein jig, tool, and gauge symbols and core box symbols 
are explained. Drawings for parts symbolized under each 
of these groups must bear the same symbol as the part 
depicted on said drawing. Jig and tool drawings should 
be depicted complete on a single sheet. Such parts are 
manufactured in special departments and it is necessary 
that the drawing show all the parts as an important step 

toward accuracy. A drawing of tool — joZI — ^^ therefore 



DRAWING SYMBOLS 65 

identified by the symbol mentioned. On the other hand, 
drawing for equipment coming into the group described 
in Chapter VI should be symbolized in detail as for all 
other drawings first mentioned in this Chapter. The same 
plan also appUes to gauges. 



CHAPTER VIII 

PIECE SYMBOLS 

Piece symbols have caused more argument than per- 
haps any other set of symbols in use in modern organiza- 
tion work. As stated above, the writer, after years of 
experience with various forms of symbols, prefers the arbi- 
trary number system to all others. A plain number, how- 
ever, without letters is not sufficient for two reasons: 
first, the plain number which is not accompanied by a 
letter is liable to conflict with other numbers; second, 
changes or modifications of a piece must be indicated in 
such a way as to be absolutely apparent at a glance. 

All pieces should be symbolized without regard to 
whether they are to be made or purchased. All pieces 
are to have the same kind of symbols, consisting of a 
letter, a numeral, and the letter X, even though special 
and never to be used more than once. The reason for 
starting the symbol with the characteristic letter has 
been explained above, under Drawing Symbols, Chapter 
VII. All commercial articles, such as standard bolts, screws, 
nuts, taper pins, keys, wrenches, oil cups, washers, etc., 
should be symbolized, commencing at A-IX. This should 
be systematically done and a symbol provided for each 
kind and size of each article as listed in the maker's catalog, 
as fast as it comes into use. These articles should preferably 
be symbolized ^-IX and upward, and a written record 
made on the A sheet of the same symbol. See end of 
Chapter VII. 

The parts made by the firm should next be symbolized, 
taking for the first piece the next unused number under 

66. 



PIECE SYMBOLS 67 

the drawing sheet group on which it is drawn. It should 
be systematically done by taking parts in the alphabetical 
order of their names and also in the order of their size. 
For example, if the first machine is "A Type'^ all A parts 
should be symbohzed first; if the "A types" consisted 
of say six sizes, the first size piece (alphabetically) would 
be symbolized first and the other five sizes of the piece 
would take the next five consecutive numbers, providing 
the prefix letter is the same. After taking all pieces of 
all sizes in the '^A Type" the next type, B, for example, 
would be treated likewise, and so on through all the dif- 
ferent types and sizes. The explanation is made on the 
supposition that there are already existing machines and 
parts in use to be symbolized. New parts should be 
symbolized in the order of their coming into use, and 
arbitrarily. It is easier in fact to be methodical in the 
arrangement of symbols than to go at it in a* haphazard 
manner. A step in the right direction can be taken at 
the time the machine is being designed and while the 
material list is being created. The parts should be arranged 
systematically on the material list in groups and in the 
order in which they will be required by the shop, either 
by kinds of material or kinds of work, depending on the 
business involved. 

It is a very good scheme in symbolizing new parts to 
arrange them so that all iron castings, for instance, come 
together; after which may come bronze castings, steel 
castings, forgings, miscellaneous pieces, etc. Each new piece 
is symbolized by the use of the next unused number under 
the sheet letter of the drawing group on which it appears. 
If one major piece requires one or two less important 
parts to make it complete, such as caps, or brackets, these 
would naturally be listed next and symbolized under the 
proper letter, before symbolizing a new piece. It should 
be borne in mind that the foregoing order is in no way 
essential to the scheme of symbols involved, but is simply 



68 SYMBOLS 

a small detail tending to a methodical way of doing a thing 
and so is preferable to an unsystematic method. 

Having provided for the piece symbol proper, it becomes 
necessary to provide for alterations or changes to pieces 
which have been already symbolized. There are two chief 
changes to be provided for; one, that which is made to 
a pattern before the casting is made, and the other, that 
which is simply a change in the dimension or shape, due 
solely to machining, where a standard rough piece is used. 

It is conceivable that a standard pattern of a wheel 
or gear, or some such common and regularly used piece, 
might be made slightly ^'special" a great many times by 
a slight alteration in the pattern. As there may be no 
limit to such possible changes, a number is added to the 
piece symbol after the suffix letter X. If a piece is to be 
made by an alteration to an existing pattern, say D-1120X, 
a new piece made from this altered pattern would be known 
as D-l 120X1. The numeral after the X is to show that 
the pattern i)-1120X was altered, and indicates at once 
that a wholly new pattern is not required. The symbol, 
of course, originates in the drafting room, as also does 
the design of the piece. It is good practice to use existing 
patterns as far as possible, if the changes are such as not 
permanently to injure or weaken the pattern for use as 
originally intended. If the same pattern later had some 
other alteration or addition to make, the new piece would 
be known as /)-l 120X2. 

Where a change is entirely a difference in machining a 
standard rough piece, a letter is added to the end of the 
symbol after the sufhx letter X, to indicate such a change 
in machining. A letter is used because it is not likely that 
the same piece would be machined in more than twenty- 
six different ways. For example, here is a standard casting, 
symbol Z)-1120X, the only change required for a new piece 
being in the machining of it; the special piece would then 
be symbolized D-1120XA, the additional sufhx letter A 



PIECE SYMBOLS 69 

indicating a change in the finishing. It is known at a 
glance that the rough piece Z)-1120X is the one to be used 
and the letter A indicates that it is the first machining 
change. To further illustrate this point, a blank bolt 
might be known as A-Q21XA; if the same blank was 
used for a bolt faced under the head or otherwise different 
from above, it would be known as A-Q21XB. As above 
stated, it is not likely that any one rough part would be 
machined in more than twenty-six different ways. In 
the event of a standard pattern from which are to be made 
two special pieces by altering the pattern, making two cast- 
ings alike and then machining one slightly different from 
the other, one of these pieces would be known as Z)-l 120X2 
and the other as D-l 120X2^. 

This scheme, as worked out in practice, has repeatedly 
ved that there is a distinct advantage in having the 
above described combination of numbers and letters as 
sufiaxes to the original piece-symbol suffix X. Of course, 
all piece symbols must be properly indexed in the piece 
symbol index. The piece symbol index is a double one 
on the card system — having one set of cards arranged 
numerically from A-IX up. In general groups, they are 
arranged alphabetically according to the prefix or char- 
acteristic letter. In a numerical index, if indexing piece 
D-1120X, it would, of course, come in its proper position 
after D-1119X. Should there be a modification of this 
piece known as D-1 120X1, the card for such piece should 
follow the card i)-1120X. If there is still another card 
D-1120XA, it would come in behind the last mentioned 
D-l 120X1. The following arrangement will show how the 
alphabetical index is arranged : 



70 



Arms 



SYMBOLS 




'■ 


1 size 




2 '' 


A Type < 


3 '' 

4 " 




5 '' 




. 6 '' 




■ 1 .. 




2 " 


B T3Te < 


3 '' 

4 '' 




5 " 




6 '' 




' 1 '' 




2 '' 


C Type . 


3 '' 

4 '' 




5 '' 




6 '' 



There is a method of symboHzing pieces, known as 
the group scheme, which has also worked satisfactorily 
in practice to a Hmited extent. The scheme, however, has 
the same disadvantage as the mnemonic symbol system, 
namely, that it is more or less restricted and cannot be 
universally applied to any kind of business. A group 
scheme with a characteristic letter or letters followed 
or preceded by a numeral adapted to one kind of business 
will not fit another line. The trouble in developing any 
but a purely arbitrary symbol system is that the tendency 
is to work toward the mnemonic feature by trying to 
make the symbol suggestive. The scheme is absolutely 
impracticable if carried to any great extent. The tendency 
is toward complication, and while the symbols may be 
shortened by such method perhaps by one character, the 
slight saving is of no consequence and it ceases to exist 
if there is any great variety of pieces. Almost any simple 
piece symbol will soon reach five characters, not including 
the suffixes added to represent alterations or variations 
from standard, such as have been described. 



PIECE SYMBOLS 71 

Each different piece must have its detail drawing. The 
piece symbols here described are, therefore, identical with 
the drawing symbol. In other words, the arbitrary sys- 
tem actually eliminates duplication of work by not having 
both a drawing symbol and a piece symbol to refer to. 
One symbol does for both. The advantage in time, writ- 
ing of forms, space and directness of reference is obvious. 

Stores cards and all other records pertaining to pieces 
must, of course, use the piece symbols for identification 
purposes. This applies to orders, material cards, requi- 
sitions, purchase orders, work orders, etc. The ordinary 
practice, as the reader is probably aware, requires on all 
the above forms either lengthy written descriptions or 
duplication of work by having different symbols for drawings 
and pieces. 

The greatest value in the author's form of piece sym- 
bol is really due to the simple method of guarding against 
errors and dupHcation when altered parts are used. In 
other words, there is no excuse for making an entirely new 
pattern for Z)-1261X1 when it is perfectly plain that pattern 
D-1261X is to be altered as indicated by the suffix numeral 
1. Likewise, the stores-keeper has no excuse for ordering 
new material for part A-\2QXA when it is evident that 
stock part A-126X can be machined special to drawing 
A-126XA to make the new part. There is also a great 
deal of time saved in referring to and in checking up stores 
and other records, when using the described form of piece 
symbol. 

No attempt should be made to include in the piece 
symbol formation any part of the trade symbol for the 
completed article or machine ready for the market. Stand- 
ardization of design, the fact that some parts of several 
machines or other product are used, and the use of standard 
commercial articles makes such a method impracticable. 
Incidentally the piece symbol would be made more cum- 
bersome and the same piece would also have many different 



72 SYMBOLS 

symbols, necessitating the use of both a shop symbol 
to act as a manufacturing record, and a different symbol 
for the drawing of each piece. As a material list of each 
machine is in any case an essential, the said material list 
will be sufficient to identify any piece of any machine. 
The arbitrary system of piece symbols is therefore the most 
simple, takes the place of two or three symbols, and makes 
the material list or bill of material a more compact record. 

The above facts are often entirely overlooked, though 
lack of knowledge of the formation and use of symbols 
accounts for so many cumbersome methods for identifying 
drawings, parts, machines and material lists. Material 
hsts themselves should be identified by the order group 
symbol on which the machine was built. If the machine 
was a stock or standard design, an L order group symbol 
identifies the material list. 



CHAPTER IX 

^ OPERATION SYMBOLS 

9-A. Industrial Operation Symbols 
9-B. Chemical Symbols 

The symbolization of operations covers a broad and 
diversified field. The use of operation symbols has been 
exceedingly limited, though for purposes of record particu- 
larly, there is greater need of them than any one group. 
The word '^operation/' as here used, is intended to cover 
the entire field of action. The Century definition of 
^^ operation" is (1) ^^ action; working agency; exertion of 
power or influence. (2) A specific act or activity. (3) A 
course or action or series of acts by which some result is 
accomplished." 

It is necessary in keeping complete records to sym- 
boHze the various operations or acts necessary to carry 
out the routine, as well as to record certain acts which have 
been performed. The later record may perhaps be con- 
sidered as a matter of historical importance to each respective 
concern. The formation of the operation symbol should 
consist of two letters, since practice has proved the two- 
letter symbol to be a simple form to remember and ade- 
quate in use. 

9-A. Industrial Operation Symbols 

There is little need of much explanation as to how 
operation symbols are used in industrial work. They 
greatly expedite the work of issuing work orders and other 
documents and aid in furnishing a completeness of detail 

73 



74 SYMBOLS 

which without them would often be sacrificed for the 
sake of speed, particularly under the pressure of the day's 
work. 

If orders, records, etc., are filled out complete and in 
an explicit manner by using words fully spelled, it is obvi- 
ous that a great deal of time and space has been unnec- 
essarily consumed when compared with what would have 
been spent had operation symbols been used instead of 
words. The saving of time and space is extremely impor- 
tant in production and routing records, or in any records 
essential to the predetermining of operations where later 
entries must note how and when those operations were 
actually completed. An accurate record which will show 
a complete history of an order over a period of months 
and in complete detail for filing, under the symbol system 
need be no larger than the average size business letter- 
head. If the old method be used, an equivalent record 
would consist of many pages of the same size. Such 
records cannot readily be deciphered by a stranger or one 
having casual access to them, so confidential matters of 
firm interest remain with the employees having charge of 
the various parts of the system or with others properly 
authorized or interested. 

The use of two-letter symbols to cover operations or 
activities gives sufficient scope to meet any particular 
branch of business or profession. The two-letter symbol 
will, in a majority of cases, result in a symbol which is 
phonetic and to a marked degree meets the requirements 
of the mnemonic system. For example, symbols BO bore, 
BX box, TN turn, TH thread, and XP experiment, are 
perfectly suggestive and easily remembered. By the use 
of two letters it is possible to get 676 different symbols, 
which is more than sufficient for any one business or pro- 
fession. A large majority of the requirements of all of 
our industrial establishments can be well covered within 
that range. 



OPERATION SYMBOLS 75 

To meet the requirements of some specific case, it is 
not unreasonable to suppose that three-letter symbols 
might possibly have advantages. On the other hand, 
working always toward standardization, the author believes 
adherence to the two-letter operation symbol will fully 
meet all practical requirements. The use of operation 
symbols to meet any one particular trade or profession 
will ordinarily require but comparatively few of the total 
number of available symbols under the two-letter system. 

In the case of the surgical and medical groups (see 
Chapter XI), any one of these symbols is liable to come 
into use at any time. Therefore, the lists in Chapter 
XI are made rather complete. The student in considering 
the standard key herewith, must not forget that the sym- 
bols representing items in the surgical column, or the 
medical column, can be easily remembered by the sur- 
geon or the doctor, owing to their knowledge of and famil- 
iarity with the terms themselves. The same is true of 
the following symbols used in the industrial pursuits, which, 
to the professional man might seem confusing and cumber- 
some at first glance. The author believes that the follow- 
ing list will prove self-explanatory. 

Industrial Operation Symbols 

AD Alter Design A V Approve 

AE Alter Equipment AX Assist 

AF Alter Flask AZ Analyze 
AG AUer Drawing 

AJ Adjust BA Balance 

AL Alteration BB Babbitt 

AM Morning BC Brick (briquette) 

AN Anneal BD Band 

AP Alter Pattern BE Break (burst) 

AR Arrest BF Buff, buffing 

AS Assemble , BG Backing (Back Off) 

AT Attest BH Broach 

AU Audit BI Bead 



76 



SYMBOLS 



BJ Balance Jouraal 
BK Bake 
BL Boil 
BM Box Mill 
BN Bend 
BO Bore 
BP Bump 
BQ Blank 
BR Brand 
55 Burnishing 
5r Blueprint 
BU Bush 
5F Bevel, scarf 
BW Bibliography 
BX Box 
BY Buy 
5Z Braze 

CA Cancel 
CB Counterbore 
CC Set Chills 
CD Checked 
CE Center 
CF Chamfer 
CG Charge 
C//^ Case Harden 
CI Cement 
CJ Cabbage 
CK Chuck 
CL Clean 
CM Compress 
CN Condemn 
CO Cut Off 
CP Chip 
CQ Cut Sand 
CR Credit 
CaS Countersink 
CT Cut Teeth 
CC/ Cup 

CV Cut V (or cut V groove) 
CW Cold work, or roll 
CX Crate 



CY Certify 
CZ Carbonize 

DA Detail Account 
DB Distribute 
DC Dictate 
DD Deduct, Discount 
DE Design 
DF Defective 
DG Drawing 

DH Drop Hammering (forge) 
DI Dip 

DJ Develop Structure 
DK Drink 
DL Drill 
DM Dismantle 
DN Done (completed) 
DO Dump Out 
DP Don't Proceed 
Z)Q Drift 
DR Debit 
D/S Dress 
DT Draw Temper 
DC/ Dowel 
DV Deliver 
DT7 Draw 
DX Detail 
DY Dry 
DZ Dissolve 

EA Eat 

^5 Equipment Broken Down 

EC Entered on Card 

ED Edit 

EG Exchange 

EJ Eject 

EL Elastic Limit 

EN Elongation 

EO Electric Deposition 

EP Entered on Production Card 

ER Erect 

ES Erase 



OPERATION SYMBOLS 



77 



ET Etch 

EU Eutectic Determination 

EV Evacuate 

EX Express 

FA Face 

FB Form Ball (spherical) 
FC Force on 
FD Foundry Delay 
FE File 

FF Fold (or double) 
FG Flange 
FH. Finish 
FI Fill 

FL Flux (skim) 
FM Forming (shape) 
FN Flatten 
FO Forge 
FP Fil], partially 
i^i^ Fire 

FS Forming Seat 
FT Fit 
FU Fit Up 
FTT Follow 
FX Fix (Fixation) 
FF Fly 
FZ Freeze 



GA Grind Angle 
GC Grind Circle 
(tF Grease 
GF Grind Fine 
G^ Graphical Recording 
GI Get Information 
GJ Gauge (Working) 
GL Glue Up 
GM Gauge (Master) 
(?ie Grind 

GS Grind Surface (face) 
GT Graze Test 
Gy Groove 



GW Wire Grind 
GZ Glaze 

HA Handle 
27(7 Held up to Check 
HD Head 
/2£; Hole 

HF Hand Finishing 
/f G Heat Tinting 
HH Heat ■ 
HL Helping 

HM Hammer, Pound, or Strike 
HN Harden 
HO Held up by Office 
HP Horse Power Determination 
HR Held up for Repairs 
HS Heat Specimen 
HT Heat Treating 
/?f/ Held Up 
HV Harrow 
HW Hot Work or RoU 
HZ Homogenizing 

IB Issue Bonus Chart 
IC Issue Credit 
ID Issue Debit 
IE Interest 
IG Internal Grind 
II Issue Instruction Card 
// Inject 
IL Install 
IM Impact Test 
IN Inspect 
10 Issue Order 
IP Issue Pattern 
IQ Inquiry, Question 
IR Instruct 
IS Issue Stock 
IT Issue Tools and Jigs 
lU Issue 

IV Invoice (or Bill) 
IW Issue Work Order 



78 



SYMBOLS 



IX In Stock 
IZ In Process 

JD Jingle (Dry) 
JG Jig 
JM Jump 
JN Join (Joiner) 
JO Jolt 
JW Jingle (Wet) 

XA Kast (Cast) 
KC Kollect (Collect) 
KD Kompare Data (Compare) 
KE Key 

KG Knocking Off Gates 
KH Kone (Cone) 
KK Knockout Kores (Cores) 
KL Kooling (Cooling) 
KM Klamp (Clamp) 
KN Kounting (Counting) 
KO Koin (Coin) 
KP Kaliper (Caliper) 
KQ Krank (Crank) 
. KR Koloring (Coloring) 
KS Key Seat 

KT Kutting (Cut or Cutting) 
KU Kore (Core) Up 
KV Kultivate (Cultivate) 

LA Lap 
LB Laboring 
LC List Complete 
LD Load 
LE Laminate 
LG Lag 
L-H" Lithograph 
LI Let in (or Sink) 
LM Limit 
LO Lay Out 
LP List Partially 
LQ Liquidate 
LR Leather 



LS List Operations 
LT List 

LC/ Line Up (Align) 
LV List Invoices 

MA Mail 
MC Make Cores 
MD Mold 
M£; Mend 
Mi?' Make Flask 
MG Manage 
MI Miscellaneous 
MJ Make Jigs or Tools 
MR Make 
ML Mill 

MM Moved to Machine 
MA^ Machine 
MO Mortise 
MP Material Provided 
MR Measure 
MS Make Time Study 
MT Melt 
MU Make Up 
. MV Move 
MX Mix 
MF Micrometer, Use 

NA Name 
A^5 Note 

A^C New Core in Use 
NF Note and File 
NH No Help 
NI Nail (Spike) 
ATL Knurl (Nurl) 
A^A^ Noon 
NO Notch 
NP Nickel Plate 
A^i? Note and Return 
NW Note and Follow 
NY Notify 

OD Overhead 
OG Oil Groove 



OPERATION SYMBOLS 



79 



OH Oil Harden 
01 Order Issued 
OK O.K. (or Correct) 
OL Oil 

OM Operate Machines 
00 Open out (Open) 
OP Operate 
OR Ordered 
OV Overhaul 

PA Paint 

PB Plant Breakdown 

PC Pinch 

PD Processing Deferred 

PE Prepare Equipment 

PF Pattern Delivered to the 

Foundry 
PG Posting 
PH Photograph 
PI Print 
PJ Plow 
PK Pack 
PL Plane 
PM Afternoon 
PN Pattern (Make) 
PO Polish 
PP Point, Sharpen 
PQ Prick (or Center) Punch 
PR Press (Stamp) 
PS Purchase 
PT Pulling Pot 
PU Punch 
PF Pulverize 
PW Prepare Work 
PX Part, or Split Off 
PY Plumbing 
PZ Photostat 

QN Quench 
QO Quote 
QY Query 
QZ Quiz 



RA Radius 

RB Remove Burr (Fins) 
RC Repairing Core 
RD Rub Down 
RE Receive 
RF Rough 

RG Routing (Dispatch) 
RH Reduce Head 
RI Riddle 
RJ Reject 
RK Record 
RL Roll 
RM Ream 
RN Refine 

RO Resume Operation 
RP Replace 
RQ Requisition 
RR Repair 
RS Recess 
RT Rivet 
RU Route 
RV ReHeve 
RW Report 
i^F Reply 
RZ Reduce 

^A Saw, Slot, or Slit 
SB Sand Blast 
SC Scrape (Scour) 
SD Solder or Sweat On 
SE Stake 
SF Spot Face 
>SG Swage 
SH Ship 
>S/ Sift 
SJ Shave 
>S7^ Shrink 
^L SeU 

SM Sample Submitted 
SN Spin 
SO Sort 
^P Scrap 



80 



SYMBOLS 



SQ Squeeze 

SR Straighten 

SS Select Specimens 

ST Start 

SU Set Up (Set, Setting) 

SV Shovel, Spade 

SW Soften 

SX Survey 

SY Sweep 

SZ Sherardize 

TA Taper 
TB Tabulate 
TC Transcribe 
TD Take Down 
TE Temper 
TF Tend Furnace 
TH Thread 
r/ Tin 

TK Take Temperature 
TL Trowel 
TM Trim 
riV Turn 
TO Take Out 
TP Tap 

TQ Temper Sand 
TR Trace 

r^ Tensile Strength (test for) 
TT Test 
TU Tumble 
TF Throttle 
TW Tumble (Wet) 
rZ Tax 
TY Tumble (Dry) 

C/C Undercut 
UD Unload 



C//^ Urge 

C/F Unveil (uncover) 

VA Vaporize 

VL Volplane 

VN Voucher Net 

VO Voucher 

VP Voucher Proximo 

VR Varnish 

VS Voucher Special 

VZ Vis6 

WA Waiting for Approval 
WD Wind 
WE Write 
WG Wring 

WH Write (Shorthand) 
WI Waiting for Information 
WK Work 
WL Weld 

WM Waiting for Material 
WN Wire Straighten 
WO Water 

WP Waiting for Pattern 
WR Wrapping 
WS Wash 
WT Want 
WV Wave 
TFZ Wax 
WY Weigh 

ZA Examine 

ZD Extrude 

XM Examine Metallurgically 

XP Experiment 

XS Examine Stereoscopically 

XT Extract 

XV Excavate 



OPERATION SYMBOLS 81 

9-B. Chemical Symbols 

The science of chemistry has been very thoroughly 
symboHzed. The use of these symbols shows exactly how 
any result has been obtained. The scientific name of 
any resultant chemical mixture cannot, however, be indi- 
cated by the use of the existing chemical symbols. For 
the sake of convenience and brevity, it is undoubtedly 
desirable to be able to symbolize the scientific names 
used in organic chemistry. Why should there not be the 
same advantage in using symbols in this field as in others 
referred to in this book? 

With this end in view, the author has, in connection 
with his study of the subject, ventured to suggest the 
following adaptation of his schem^e of symbols to the prac- 
tical and commercial routine incident to organic chemistry. 
The scheme suggested in no way interferes with, or alters, 
any existing symbols. Furthermore, the reader must bear 
in mind that the new symbols are intended for use in an 
entirely new way. For obvious reasons there can be no 
logic in attempting to change the present chemical symbols 
which are already so thoroughly standardized among 
nations. 

The present inorganic symbols consist of either a single 
letter as A for Argon, C for Carbon, H for Hydrogen, or 
two letters, as Al for Aluminum, Cu for Copper, Mn for 
Manganese, etc. The complete list of known inorganic 
symbols is given be low as a matter of record. 

Atomic Symbols 

Al Aluminum B Boron 

Sb Antimony Br Bromine 
A Argon 

As Arsenic ^^ Cadmium 

Cs Caesium 

Ba Barium Ca Calcium 

Bi Bismuth C Carbon 



82 



SYMBOLS 



Ce Cerium 
CI Chlorine 
Cr Chromium 
Co Cobalt 
Cb Columbium 
Cu Copper 

Dy Dysprosium 

Er Erbium 
Eu Europium 

F Fluorine 

Gd Gadolinium 
Ga Gallium 
Ge Germanium 
Gl Glucinum 
Au Gold 

He Helium 
H Hydrogen 

In Indium 
I Iodine 
Ir Iridium 
Fe Iron 

Kr Krypton 

La Lanthanum 
Pb Lead 
Li Lithium 
Lu Lutecium 

Mg Magnesium 
Mn Manganese 
Hg Mercury 
Mo Molybdenum 

Nd Neodymium 
Ne Neon 
Ni Nickel 
N Nitrogen 



Os Osmium 
Oxygen 

Pd Palladium 
P Phosphorus 

Pt Platinum 
K Potassium 

Pr Praseodymium 

Ra Radium 
Rh Rhodium 
Rb Rubidium 
Ru Ruthenium 

Sm Samarium 
Sc Scandium 
Se Selenium 
Si Silicon 
Ag Silver 
Na Sodium 
Sr Strontium 
S Sulphur 

Ta Tantalum 
Te Tellurium 
Tb Terbium 
Tl Thallium 
Th Thorium 
Tm Thulium 
Sn Tin 
Ti Titanium 
W Tungsten 

U Uranium 

V Vanadium 

Xe Xenon 

Yb Ytterbium 
Yt Yttrium 

Zn Zinc 

Zr Zirconium 



OPERATION SYMBOLS 83 

By adopting a characteristic formation for the organic 
symbol group, the author beUeves that confusion will be 
avoided and a further advantage obtained in that the 
available number of two-letter symbols will not be de- 
creased by having to avoid using letters already taken 
by the inorganic group. A sub-class symbol letter is also 
used in some cases, so as to simplify the whole scheme. 
By this method the same root symbol can be used and 
various derivatives identified by the simple addition of a 
sub-class symbol. For example, the symbol for Hexa is, 
let us say, hX. Hexane will therefore be symbolized 
hXa, Hexene will be hXe, Hexoic hXc, Hexose hXs, Hexyl 
hXl, and Hexylene hXn. Certain sub-class symbol prefixes 
have been adopted which may be used in a similar manner. 
The Greek alphabet is also used in exactly the same 
manner as has already been adopted in connection with 
the organic symbol system. The following lists include 
both prefixes and suffixes. The new organic symbols are 
also listed in sufficiently complete detail to require but 
little additional explanation. New derivatives of roots 
listed below can be readily symbolized by amplifying the 
scheme herein outlined, or by new combinations. 

The task of symbolizing has been complicated by fre- 
quent cases of nomenclature which follow no fixed rule, 
but through which there have arisen many terms whose 
endings are not true suffixes, although appearing to be so. 

Sub-class Symbols 



Prefix 
Series 


Greek 
Alphabet 


Suffixe 


or ortho 


a 


a ane 


ma meta- 


/3 


c oic 


pa para 

vn vicinal 

sm symmetrical 


7 
8 

€ 


d ide 
e ene 
i ine 


mn mono 
di di 




k ic 



84 





SYMBOLS 




Sub-class 


QYMBOI.&— Continued 


Prefix 

Series 


Greek 
Alphabet 


Suffixes 


tr tri 


e 


n ylene 


te tetra 


L 


ino 


pn pent 


K 


s ose 


hx hexa 


X 


t ate 


hp hepta 


A 


a: oxy (see prefix ox) 


ok octa 


Z' 


y ite 


nn nona 


? 




dA; deca 







ud undeca 


TT 




dd dodeca 


P 




ck cyclo 


r 

V 




pr primary 




sc secondary 


X 




ty tertiary 


1^ 

CO 




dx dextro 






Iv laevo 






la inactive 






nm normal 






10 iso 






ne neo 






ox oxy (see sufRx x) 







In addition to the above sub-class symbols the numerals 
1, 2, 3, etc., are used in combination. Examples given at 
the end of this chapter illustrate such combinations. 

aT Acet aDk Adipic 

aTt Acetate aly Adonite 

aTk Acetic oH Alcohol 

aTl Acetyl aXJk Allomucic 
aTn Acetylene aX Alloxan 

aC Acid aL AUyl 

aK Acrose aMk Amic 

aRk Acrylic aMd Amide 

aE Aldehyde aMi Amine 



OPERATION SYMBOLS 



85 



aMo Amino 
aYl Amyl 
aYe Amylene 
aGk Angelic 

aN Anhydride 

aH Anthracene 

aQ Anthraquinone 
aAk Arachidic 
aVk Azelaic 

aO Azo 

aZ Azone 

bRk Barbituric 

bZ Benz (or Benzene) 
bOk Benzoic 

bZl Benzyl 

bOl Benzoyl 
bLk Brassylic 
bTa Butane 
bTe Butene 
bTl Butyl 
bTn Butylene 
bTk Butyric 

cO Cacodyl 
cPk Capric 

cL Caramel 

cA Carbinol 
cBk Carbonic 

cX Carboxyl 
cBl Carbonyl 
cKk Cerotic 

cR Ceryl 

cT Cetyl 
cHk Cholic 
cQk Cimicic 

cMk Cinnamic 
cNk Citraconic 

cit Citrate 
elk Citric 

cC Collicine 

cE Creatine 



cEi Creatinine 
cTk Crotonic 
cY Cyan 
cYk Cyanic 
cYd Cyanide 
cYt Cyanate 

dK Deca 
dZ Diazo 
dM Diazonium 
dDa Dodecane 
dU Durene 

eE Ether 
eEx Ethoxy 
eEl Ethyl 
eUk Erucic 
eRy Erythrite 
eRk Erythritic 
eRs Erythro£3 
eTa Ethane 
eTk Ethanic 
eTn Ethylene 
eTd Ethylidene 

fS Fluorescein 
fMt Formate 

fMk Formic 
fM Formo 

fUk Fumaric 

gTk Galac tonic 
gRk Geranic 
gKs Glucose 
gLk Glyceric 

gL Glycerine 

gLl Glyceryl 
gUk Gulonic 

hB Haemoglobin 

hP Hepta 
hPa Hepta Qe 
hPc Heptoic 
hPs Heptose 



86 



SYMBOLS 



hPl Heptyl 
hPn Heptylene 

hX Hexa 
hXa Hexane 
hXe Hexene 
hXc Hexoic 
hXs Hexose 

hXl Hexyl 
hXn Hexylene 
hi Hydrazine 
hO Hydrazone 

hD Hydro 
hDx Hydroxy 
hYk Hyenic 
hGk Hypogaeic 

iD Imide 
iM Imino 
iG Indigo 
iL Indol 
iX Indoxyl 
iS lodoso 
iN lodonium 
iKk Itaconic 

kN Ketone 
kS Ketose 

IM Lacmoid 

ITs Lactose 

IRk Laurie 

IN Laurinol 

ILs Levulose 

lOk Linoleic 

ID Lutidine 

mLk Malonic 

mLl Malonyl 

mSs Maltose 

mNy Mannite 

mGk Margaric 

mik Melissic 

mCk Mellitic 
mH Menthane 



mE Menthene 
mO Menthol 
mR Mercaptan 
mKk Mesaconic 
mY Mesitylene 
mYk Mesitylenic 
mTa Methane 
mTk Methanic 
mTx Methoxy 
mTl Methyl 
mTn Methylene 
mUk Mucic 

nL Naphthalene 

nP Naphtho 
wP/Naphthyl 

nT Nitrile 

nR Nitro 

nS Nitroso 
nNa Nonane 
nNc Nonoic 
nNs Nonose 
nNl Nonyl 

oKa Octane 
oKc Octoic 
oKs Octose 
oKl Octyl 
oNk Oenanthylic 
oOk Oleic 

oC Orcein 

oZ Osazone 

oS Osones 
oXt Oxalate 
oXk Oxalic 
oXl Oxalyl 

oE Oxime 

pMk Palmitic 
pGk Pelargonic 
pN Pent 
pNa Pentane 
pNe Pentene 



OPERATION SYMBOLS 



87 



pNs Pentose 
pNl Pentyl 

pT Phenanthrone 

pH Phen 

pO Phenol 

pOt Phenolate 
pHl Phenyl 
pHn Phenyl ene 
pLk Phthalic 

pQ Picoline 
pEk Pimelic 

pi Pinene 

pR Propargyl 
pPa Propane 
pPe Propene 
pPk Propanic (Propionic) 
pPl Propyl 
pPn Propylene 

pU Purin 

pY Pyridine 

qL Quinoline 

qN Quinone 



sSk Saccharic 
sCs Saccharose 
sBk Sorbic 
sBy Sorbite 

sT Starch 
sRk Stearic 
sUk Suberic 
sKt Succinate 
sKk Succinic 
sLt Sulphonate 
sLk Sulphonic 

sF Sulphone 

tTk Tartaric 
m Tartrate 
tCk Teracrylic 

uD Undeca 
uA Urea 
uR Ureid 

vRk Valeric 
vY Valylene 



rCk Racemic 

rMy Rhamnite 
rMs Rhamnose 
rBs Ribose 



xGk Xanthogenic 
xN Xanthone 
xYy Xylite 
xYs Xylose 



The following examples will suffice to show the reader 
the difference between the old and the new symbols. 



1, 2, 3 Trimethyl Benzoic Aldehyde 
Chemical Symbol, (CH3)3C6H2CHO 

New Symbol, 123 tr mTl bOk aE 

Note. — The scientific name and the new symbol locate the various 
chemical groups definitely, but the chemical symbol does not. It merely 
indicates their presence. 



88 SYMBOLS 

?;-m-ALDEHYDO Salicylic Acid 

or 

Vicinal Meta Aldehydo Hydroxy Benzoic Acid 

Chemical Symbol, (HO)(COOH)C6H3CHO 

New Symbol, vn ma aE hDx bOk aC 

Note. — In this case also the chemical symbol fails definitely to lo- 
cate the various chemical groups. The new symbol does. 

o-Cresol 

or 

Ortho Methyl Phenol 

Chemical Symbol, (CH3)C6H4(OH) 

New Symbol, or mTl pO 

Note. — In this case the symbol is as long as the name provided that 
in giving the name the usual practice is followed in abbreviating (equiv- 
alent to symbolizing) the word "ortho." However, both are shorter 
than the indefinite chemical symbol. 

Ethyl Benzyl Aceto Acetate 

Chemical Symbol, C2H3O •CH(C7Hv) .CO2C2H6 

or 
CH3CO .CH(C6H5CH2)COOCH2CH3 

New Symbol, eEl bZl aT aTt 

Amyl Acetate 

Chemical Symbol, C7H14O2 
or 

CH3(CH2)4CH3C02 

New Symbol, oYl aTt 

Methyl Benzyl Ketone 
Chemical Symbol, CH3CO-CH2.C6H6 
New Symbol, mTl bZl kN 

Phenyl Benzyl Carbinol 
Chemical Symbol, CR, • CH2 • CH(OH)C6H5 
New Symbol, pHl bZl cA 



OPERATION SYMBOLS 89 

Phenyl Naphthalene 

Chemical Symbol, CeHs-doH; 

New Symbol, yHl nL 

Note. — Here agaia the chemical symbol tells only that one phenyl 
group is present together with other carbon and hydrogen atoms in 
definite proportion. The new symbol tells the chemist that, and also 
how the carbon and hydrogen atoms are arranged. 

Propionyl Propionic Aldehyde 

Chemical Symbol, C2H5-CO-CHCH3-CHO 

New Symbol, pP/ pP^' aE 

Vanillin (Artificial Vanilla) 

The scientific name for this may be written: 

Meta Methoxy Para Oxy Benzoic Aldehyde 
or 
3, 4, 1 Methoxy oxy Benzoic Aldehyde 

Chemical Symbol, C6H3(CH30)(OH)(CtIO) 

New Symbol, ma mTx pax bOk aE 

or 
341 mTx X bOk aE 

Secondary Butylmalonic Acid 

Chemical Symbol, CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH(COOH)2 
or 
CH3(CH2)3CH(C02H)2 

New Symbol, sc bTl mLk aC 

Angelic Acid 
Chemical Symbol, CH3 • CH • CH3C • COOH 
New Symbol, aGk aC 

Normal Dodecanedicarbonic Acid 
Chemical Symbol, C02H-(CH2)i2-COOH 
New Symbol, nm dDa di cBk aC 

Ethyl Angelate 

Chemical Symbol, CH3-CH-CH3C-C02C2H5 
New Symbol, eEl aGt 



90 SYMBOLS 

Benzoyl Cyclobutane 
Chemical Symbol, C4H7 -CO -CeHe 

New Symbol, bOl ckhTa 

The inorganic chemical symbols are so designed that 
they tell definitely the number and something of the ar- 
rangement of the atoms entering into a chemical com- 
pound. These symbols therefore refer to chemical rela- 
tionships rather than to any fixed form of nomenclature. 
The chemist, due to his familiarity with various chemical 
laws and rules, is able to name the compound of which a 
particular arrangement and number of atoms is character- 
istic. 

Thus the chemist knows that NaCl stands for sodium 
chloride, although the symbol itself merely indicates the 
union of one atom of chlorine with one atom of sodium. 

Similarly, NaClO indicates the union of one atom each 
of sodium, chlorine, and oxygen. The chemist calls this 
sodium hypochlorite. 

NaCl02 indicates the union of one atom of sodium with 
one of chlorine and two of oxygen. The chemist calls this 
sodium chlorite. 

Continuing this series, we find 

NaClOs — sodium chlorate; and 
NaC104 — sodium perchlorate 

Although the chemical symbols (as is pointed out 
above) do not suggest the name of a compound to the 
layman, there are certain groups of atoms with which 
the chemist is familiar which suggest to him the name 
of the compound represented. This same grouping of 
atoms in characteristic manner is found in organic chem- 
istry, but the symbols are often ambiguous and usually 
are much more complex than the ones found in inorganic 
chemistry. Because of this, it is often impossible to inter- 
pret an organic symbol without the aid of its scientific 



OPERATION SYMBOLS 91 

name or its so-called structural formula. It seemed advis- 
able, therefore, in working out a new method of symbolizing 
organic compounds, to use the scientific name as the basis 
of the new s^^stem. 

Other inorganic chemical symbols are illustrated below: 



HN03 


Nitric Acid 


KN03 


Potassium Nitrate 


CU(X03)2 


Copper Nitrate 


NaOH 


Sodium Hydroxide (Caustic Soda) 


NH4OH 


Ammonium Hydroxide 


Al2(S04)3 


Aluminum Sulphate 


FeS04 


Ferrous Sulphate 


Fe2(S04)3 


Ferric Sulphate 


Ca3(P04)2 


Tri Calcium Phosphate 


HCN 


Hj^drocyanic Acid 


Fe203 


Ferric Oxide 


CuO 


Cupric Oxide 



In the list of new organic symbols most of the terms 
used will be found to refer to groups consisting of carbon, 
hydrogen, and oxygen. However, nitrogen-containing 
groups are also included. The procedure to be followed 
when other elements are present is illustrated below: 

Chloral (tri chlor aldehyde) 
tr CI aE 
or 

ChaE 

Iodoform (tri iodo methane) 
trImTa 

or 
/a mTa 

Ethyl Sulphur Alcohol 

eTl S oH 
Sodium Acetate 

NaaTt 
Zinc Di iMethyl 
ZndimTl 



CHAPTER X 

MISCELLANEOUS SYMBOL GROUPS 

10-A. Jigs and Tool Symbols 

10-B. Pattern Symbols 

10-C. Manufacturing Symbols 

10-D. Filing Symbols 

10-E. Forms, Literature, and Miscellaneous Symbols 

10-F. Account Symbols 

10-G. Sub-classification Symbols 

There are a number of miscellaneous groups of symbols 
necessary to a business or profession, some of which are 
indicated above. These symbols also have a distinct and 
characteristic formation, so as to preserve their class identity 
and to eliminate any chance of their being confused with 
any other class or form of symbol. These miscellaneous 
symbol groups are fully as important in themselves as 
any of the larger groups described in the foregoing chapters. 
A description of each group is given below in sufficient 
detail to enable the reader readily to adopt any or all of 
them to his own particular case. 

10-A. Jigs and Tool Symbols 

This symbol group is used only in connection with 
special jigs or tools designed for use in connection with 
some particular part. Tools or jigs that may be used for 
a wide range of work are symbolized in the equipment group 
as explained above in Chapter VI. If the reader will 
refer to the equipment group he will see under NJ a descrip- 
tion of the items belonging in the equipment group J. 

92 



MISCELLANEOUS SYMBOL GROUPS 93 

Attention is also called to the Z group, Chapter VI, which 
includes all miscellaneous small tools for general shop use. 

As this section deals with the jigs and tools specially 
prepared for one particular article, it is therefore logical 
to use the 'Apiece symbol" of that article for the main part 
of the jig or tool symbol. Let us assume that we have 
a special jig or tool for piece Z)-1120X. The first jig 
or tool should be identified by the symbol J/, used in 
combination with the piece symbol Z)-1120X, but marked 
under it, as follows : 

i)-1120X ,., ,. . , , ... 

— =-— — (it there is but one jig). 

o 1 i 

If the part is to be machined by the use of several 
jigs or special tools, say a total of four, then each of the 
said jigs or special tools will be symbolized respectively, 
i)-1120X D-n2QX /)-1120X , D-1120X ^ ,. . 

-71^4-' ^72=4-' ^73^^' ""^ -Ji^' ^^'^^^ 

method, the piece symbol is always used in combination 
with the jig symbol. The scheme of placing the jig sym- 
bol beneath the symbol of the piece makes the symbol 
less complex in appearance and helps to readily identify 
this group of symbols. 

The same method applies to cases of special tools when 
it is desirable to differentiate between tools and jigs. The 
reader will find that special tools and jigs may for all prac- 
tical purposes be included in the / group as above explained. 
If for any special reason it seems desirable to separate 
these groups, use / for jigs and T for tools. G is used 
for gauges and MG for master gauges as explained below. 

Drawings for jigs, tools, and gauges, and the method 
of symbolizing them has been described above in Chapter 
VII. Each separate loose piece of any one jig or tool 
should bear the jig symbol. It will assure its identification 
if it becomes misplaced. 

Theoretically, a drawing is a tool, and is so considered 



94 SYMBOLS 

in practice as far as tool-room service is concerned. A 
pattern and its core boxes are also tools in every sense 
of the word. There is no advantage, however, in the 
author's opinion, in symbolizing the foregoing, as tools. 
The one symbol will suffice for detail drawing and for 
pattern and for the piece itself when it is desirable actually to 
stamp the piece symbol into the casting or forging. Prac- 
tical requirements and use always explain what is referred 
to. One either asks for drawing, pattern, piece, or tool 
Z)-1120X. There is no confusion and no need of a different 
symbol to meet each of these four requirements. 

The method for symbolizing jigs and tools also applies 
to gauge symbols. The only difference is that the letter 
G is used, instead of J or T, The first of a set of say three 

7)— 1120X 
gauges for part D-1120X would be marked — ^ — 

the second — — and the third would be — — . 

Gr2— o Gro— o 

The author wishes to emphasize the fact that all of 
the foregoing jig, tool, and gauge symbols are for working 
jigs, tools, and gauges only. All ''master'' or standard 
jigs, tools, and gauges are symbolized by prefixing the 

letter M before the J, T, or G, The master jig for — =— -^ — 

jD— 1120X 
will be symbolized ^ ., ^_ _ . Likewise, the master gauge 
ikZJz-3 

for — — will be symbolized . By this method 

Gro— o M. GrO— O 

any master jig, tool, or gauge is easily identified and is 
not likely to get into use in the shop without being imme- 
diately discovered. See section 10-G at end of this 
chapter for sub-class symbols. 



MISCELLANEOUS SYMBOL GROUPS 95 



10-B. PATTERN Symbols 

The foregoing pages have explained the formation of 
drawing, piece, and pattern symbols and the^ advantage 
of using but the one symbol for all three. In the case 
of the actual pattern itself, it becomes necessary to pro- 
vide for duplicate sets of patterns. This group of sym- 
bols is formed in the same way as explained above for 
jigs, tools, and gauges. The letter P is used to indicate 
^^ pattern'' for working purposes and MP for master par- 

Z)— 1120X 
tern. The pattern will be stamped for example, — — . 

The figure 6 shows that there are six sets of patterns. The 

next duplicate pattern will be — — and so on. In 

Jr Zi u 

the event there is a master pattern, the master will be 

identified as and so on. 

Core boxes belonging to a pattern are symbolized under 

exactly the same principle except that the letter C is used 

for working core boxes and MC for master core boxes. 

Using the same example applied to core boxes, we have 

D-112QX i)-1120X . 17 u u J 

— PA — ' — no — ' ^ ^^ ^^* ^^^^ ^o^^ t)ox and 

piece thereof should be stamped with its symbol. All 
master core boxes will be symbolized by the use of MC 

Z)-1120X 
^' ilf Cl-6 • 

The reader will notice that the piece symbol (for example 
Z)-1120X) has been preserved as the root for all these 
various symbol groups. There can be no mistake, and 
a drawing, pattern, core box, jig, tool or gauge for one 
piece cannot be confused with one belonging to some other 
piece. Such a mistake often results in considerable ex- 
pense in spoiled work before it is discovered. See section 
10-G at the end of this chapter for sub-class symbols. 



96 SYMBOLS 

10-C. Individual Part Manufacturing Symbols and 
Assembly Manufacturing Symbols 

For purposes of identifying the various pieces manu- 
factured, each, especially large or important parts of a 
machine, should be given an individual manufacturing 
symbol. This symbol will consist of the order symbol 
followed by a letter, as L-401A, or L-401G, or again 
M-28097, etc. The final letter of the symbol will be 
different on each piece built on a certain order, but the 
order symbol remains the same. It is apparent by inspec- 
tion that parts with a manufacturing symbol L-401A, 
L-4015, etc., Were built on the same stock job, viz., L-401. 
If a stock job, L-401, calls for twelve pieces, then the 
manufacturing symbols run from L-401 A to L-401L, 
inclusive. The same method of course applies to any 
manufacturing done on any series of order numbers, but 
such is an exception, as it is desirable to manufacture 
mostly on stock jobs. These numbers are always pre- 
ceded by the letter L, and are the only job numbers used 
for the manufacturing of one or more single pieces exactly 
alike for »tock. 

The individual part manufacturing symbols on frames 
will in all cases be stamped on the main casting at some 
predetermined space, instead of marking the piece pro- 
miscuously. Care must be taken when filling and rubbing 
down not to cover the manufacturing number. The space 
bearing the manufacturing symbol should be indicated 
by a white circle painted around it for easy identification. 
It is desirable, however, that the final coat of paint with 
a little machine filler should thoroughly cover the symbol 
previous to shipping, so that there will be no possibility 
of the customer finding it and mistaking it for the shop or 
serial number. Other articles will be numbered likewise 
as the necessity presents itself, and in all cases, excepting 
on frames or columns which bear the ^'shop number," 



. MISCELLANEOUS SYMBOL GROUPS 97 

the manufacturing symbol must be plain and in a con- 
spicuous place. The manufacturing symbol should be 
stamped on the article as soon as it arrives at the works, 
or if in stock, as soon as it is withdrawn from stock and 
before any work is done on it. 

Assembly manufacturing symbols are ordinarily stamped 
on the name plate or tablet attached to the main part of 
the completed machine in a conspicuous place. It is also 
well to chip a smooth rectangular place on the main casting 
and stamp the serial number into the metal. This will 
preserve the number in the event the name plate becomes 
detached and lost. The assembly manufacturing symbol 
is a plain number starting at 1 and running in unbroken 
sequence regardless of the size, class, or tj^pe of finished 
machine, preceded by the letters MFG. A separate record 
is kept in the engineering office, filed by symbol in card 
form, with a description of the apparatus to which each 
assembly manufacturing symbol applies. The symbol file 
is an index, therefore, to the order, material list, and draw- 
ings covering the product identified by such manufacturing 
symbol. Assembly manufacturing symbols have the forma- 
tion MFG-1 and upwards. 

10-D. Filing Symbols 

A comprehensive scheme of filing requires a rather 
complicated system of symbols. The following outline 
is given as an illustration of a scheme of symbols used 
by the author for his own personal files. In the develop- 
ment of a filing system the characteristic letters of the 
symbol must suit the specific conditions for which it is 
devised. The following is not offered as a standard key, 
because it will not be exactly duplicated for other lines 
of business. A complete general index of 3''x5'' cards 
should include all data necessary to locate any matter 
whatsoever of which there is any record. This index will, 



98 SYMBOLS 

in most cases, be on the double or triple cross-index system, 
and in many cases, matter will be indexed under as many 
suggestive ''catch names" as possible, to insure its easy 
location. Generally speaking, the alphabetical index will 
locate the record at once without cross reference. The 
specific matter is classified as below. The numerals are 
arbitrary and used consecutively, each new record being 
given the next progressive number after the last one used 
in the group or classification in which it belongs, as indi- 
cated by the first letter of the symbol. 

The first letter of the symbol indicates the group or 
classification. The second letter indicates in which file 
the record will be found. In the case of a card file a 
numeral indicating one dimension of the card, 3 for 3x5, 
4 for 4x6, and 5 for 5x8, comes between the first and 
second letter of the symbol. 

Key to First Letter of the Symbol 

A Author (F. A. P.) 

B Buildings, etc., exclusive of Equipment 

C Comments and Criticisms 

D Data and Statistics 

E Engineering Society Publications 

F Forms 

G Graphical Records, Charts, etc. 
H 

I Instructions 

/ Jigs, Tools, Cutters, Forming, Bending and Other Imple- 
ments, Fixtures, etc. 

K Katalogs, Advertising Matter, etc. 

L Letters, Proposals, and Contracts 

M Machinery, Power Plant Equipment, Data, Records of, etc. 

N Notes, Memoranda, Minutes, etc. 

Organization and Management 

P Photographs, Pictures, etc. 

Q Queries 

R Reports, Recommendations, Rehabilitation Data, etc. 

S Speed Data and Records, Time Studies, etc. 
T 



MISCELLANEOUS SYMBOL GROUPS 99 

U Unclassified Matter of all Descriptions 

V Government and States Acts, Laws, etc. 

W Wage Systems, Workers, LTnions, Welfare Work, etc. 
X Experiments, Results of Original Investigations, etc. 

Y Instruments, Slide Rule, etc. 
Z Symbols 

Key to Second Letter of the Symbol 

A Albums 

B Bookcase or Book Files, Loose Leaf Binders, etc. 
3C Card File, 3 x5 card 
4C '' 4x6 '' 

5C '' 5x8 '' 

D Drawers, Case of 

F Folders, Letter Size, in Vertical Filing Cabinet 

K Katalog Filing Case 

S Safe 

Examples. — The symbol BB120 indicates building data, etc., in a 
book case, serial number 120. 

SFll^ indicates a speed record in folder 116, in vertical filing cabinet. 

RF12 indicates report, etc., in folder 12, filed in vertical filing cabinet. 

RB20 indicates a report in book form, number 20 in book case. 

LF26 is a letter, filed in a folder in correspondence file, serial number 26. 

i)3C20 is data on a 3" X5" card, number 20. 

The numeral is in all cases arbitrary, except that it is 
desirable to be as systematic as possible at the start when 
indexing. Future additions must take the next open num- 
ber in the correct classification, which number will indi- 
cate the order in which matter was accumulated or filed. 
In the case of books be sure to have a clear index card, 
so as quickly to locate the page number when indexing 
specific matter. 

For letters, in the general index there will be found 
under L in the proper position a large tab card headed 
"Letters." Behind this will be inserted a complete set 
of alphabetical guide cards for Letters Only. This brings 



100 SYMBOLS 

all letters together in the index. Forms, under FOR, 
have a large tab card labeled ''Forms" followed by a 
set of alphabetical guides. A form can thus be readily 
found by form name. All of one company's forms will 
be indexed on one or more cards and found under the 
firm name in the general index. Data on similar subjects 
under the same classification, may be filed in different 
places, owing to the various forms in which the subjects 
may be. All of one classification, however, will be to- 
gether in each different file and the method is unlimited 
in its scope and expansiveness. 

It is evident that a bound book of reports could not 
occupy the same file as the original copy of a single report — 
of comparatively few pages — which would naturally go into 
a vertical file folder. Brief memoranda occupying but 
small space but in large variety should be written on cards 
and filed in the general index. If put into other card- 
filing cases, they would be indexed in the general index 
which would refer by symbol to the correct file. If there 
is no symbol reference on the general index card, it is obvious 
that the said card is the only record on file. 

10-E. FORMS, Literature, and Miscellaneous Symbols 

In the author's experience, the most convenient sym- 
bols for this group are formed by the combination of three 
letters followed by a numeral. Forms that the author 
has applied in his own practice are symbolized FAPl 
and upward. In addition to forms there are several other 
chief groups of literature, etc. These divisions are indi- 
cated in the following list : 

Miscellaneous Symbol Groups 

AGRl and upward — ^Alloys, Research 
^A^Fl " —Analysis 

AUTl " —Auto 



MISCELLANEOUS SYMBOL GROUPS 



101 



BKKl and upward — Books 
BONl " —Bonus Chart 

BOXl '' —Box 

BULl '' —Bulletins 



CARl 


( c 


—Car 


CHKl 


It 


—Check 


CHRl 


11 


—Chart 


CREl 


it 


—Credit Memorandum 


CRTl 


(( 


—Crate 


CWTl 


ts 


—Cold Work Formula 


DEBl 


ti 


—Debit 


DELI 


tc 


— Delivery 


DISl 


tl 


— Display 


ELOl 


11 


—Elemental Operations 


EXPl 


a 


— Experiment 


FAPl 


t ( 


—Author's Forms 


FORI 


1 1 


— Formula 


GRLl 


I i 


— Graphical Record 


GRPl 


n 


— General Research Problem 


HTTl 


1 1 


— Heat Treating Formula 


HWTl 


tl 


— Hot Work Formula 


INCl 


It 


— Instruction Card 


INSl 


( ( 


— Instruction 


INVl 




— Invoice 


KATl 




— Katalogs 


KEEl 




— Keys and Locks 


LET! 




— Letters 


LOTl 




—Lot 


LTRl 




— Lecture 


MALI 




—Mail Advertising Matter 


MCBl 




— Make Core on Bench 


MCHl 




— Memo Charge 


MCMl 




— Make Core on Machine 


MEMl 




— Memorandum 


MFGl 




—Assembly Manufacturing Symbols 


MISl 




—Miscellaneous 


MVOl 




— Memo of Verbal Order 



102 



SYMBOLS 



PACl and upward — Package 



PAMl 
PATl 
PHOl 
POPl 
POSl 
POTl 
PROl 
PURl 

RCTl 
REPl 
RETl 
REQl 

SALl 
SAMl 
SDPl 
SERl 
SHRl 
SHXl 
STSl 

TDPl 
TMSl 
TRAl 
TRKl 
TRPl 
TSTl 

URGl 

VISl 
VOUl 

WAGl 



— Pamphlets 

— Patent 

— Photographs 

— Popular Magazines 

— Pouring Speed 

— Pouring Temperature 

— Problem 

— Purchase Order 

— Receipt 
— Report 
— Return Order 
— Requisition 

— Sales Order 

— Samples Received 

— Standard 

— Serial 

— Shipper's Report 

— Show Expenses 

— Standard Time Sheets 

— Trade Papers Space 

—Time Study 

— Trailer 

—Truck 

—Trip 

—Test 

— Urge 

—Visit 
— Voucher 

— ^Wages 



Example Showing Symbol Fokmation for Core Work Classification 



Method 

Class 

(No Chills) 



Bench 
Machine 

Plain 

Irregular 

Complicated 



Symbol Combinations 
MCBa 
MCBc 
MCBe 



MCE 
MCM 



MCMa 
MCMc 
MCMe 



MISCELLANEOUS SYMBOL GROUPS 



103 



Construction 



Symbols 
With Chills 1 

With Wires 2 

With Nails 3 

With Rods 4 

With Hooks 5 

With Loose Pieces 6 
Use bedding sand 7 



Combinations 



If by Bench, Class a, and with 
construction 1, 3, 6, and 7, 
Symbol will be MC^al3b7 



Weight of Core 



Numeral to indicate 1 If above core MCBalS67 weighs 
weight in pbunds, > 10 lbs., then symbol will be 
as: 10 =10 lb. core MCBal3Q7-10 



This three-letter symbol group also should be used 
for symboHzing different types and sizes of product, for 
example, 

DRLl, 2, 3, etc., for Drill Presses 

ENGl, 2, 3, etc., for Engines 

CARl, 2, 3, etc., for Cars 

These symbols when used for a product should be marked 
01 stamped in a conspicuous place. When name plates are 
used, the symbol should be marked on the plate. 

The above groups will indicate how the chief divisions 
are arranged. Each different book, form, catalog, bulletin 
circular letter, etc., as it is issued, takes the next open 
number in the group in which it belongs. All sales and 
follow-up records can be made more complete by the use 
of this scheme of symbols. Each different piece of liter- 
ature is more easily identified and kept track of. The 
formation and use of this group of symbols is so simple 
that no further explanation is necessary. The symbol 
should be printed on the outer cover and on the title page 
of books, catalogs and pamphlets and at the middle of the 
top of other printed matter. 

There is one more very necessary symbol for this 
group, viz., LOTl and upward. This symbol represents 
'4ots" of material, scrap, parts, etc., that are of a hetero- 
geneous nature and not worth identifying individually. 



104 SYMBOLS 

This symbol also applies to classes of materials that are 
handled and priced at one average. Each lot may be 
tagged and the symbol, say LOT 101, used on all records, 
store cards, etc. When the lot LOTlOl is disposed of, 
the symbol is never used again. This form of symbol is 
very effective when used to identify lumber, miscellaneous 
sizes and shapes of steel, plates, old metal, different con- 
signments of bulk material, etc. A separate stores card 
should be filed for each different lot symbol. Material 
used from any lot should be charged out by the use of 
the lot symbol, say L0T121, etc. 

In a plant of any size, there will be a large number of 
locks and keys to keep track of. If the locks have been 
standardized and '^master keyed," the problem is greatly 
simplified. In any case, however, each lock and key should 
be definitely listed and symbolized. Each lock should be 
symbolized, using symbol group KEEl and upward. Each 
key is symbolized with the same symbol as the lock to which 
it belongs. 

The foregoing explanations are probably sufficient to 
describe the varied uses to which the miscellaneous sym.bol 
groups can be applied. As first stated, the miscellaneous 
group consists of three suggestive letters followed by a 
numeral. Each new symbol of any division takes the next 
unused number. 

10-F. Account Symbols 

Account symbols are used to identify control accounts 
into which are distributed expenditures not finally recorded 
under some specific symbol group. These account symbols 
consist of a numeral followed by the letter A. The first 
account symbol should start with 30^, as there will then 
never be any possibility of confusing an account symbol 
with one of the A department divisions. 

If the reader will refer to Chapter III, sections 3-A 
and 3-B, it will be seen that the department symbols are 



MISCELLANEOUS SYMBOL GROUPS 105 

formed by a numeral followed by a letter. As it is im- 
probable that the A group of departments will ever use 
more than a few numbers, certainly never more- than 30, 
there can be no confusion if the account symbols start 
at SO A, 

The following typical list of account symbols is given 
further to illustrate the use of this group of symbols: 



Sales Accounts 


30A Lynite Sales 


30^ A ' ' " Returns and Allowances 


31 A Lynux Sales 


31^A " " Returns and Allowances 


32A Lynux 98 Sales 



32^A " " Returns and Allowances 

33A Miscellaneous Sales 
33f A " " Returns and Allowances 

34A Pattern Shop Sales 
34|A " " " Returns and Allowances 

35A Lynite Sales to 2?7 
35^A " " ' ' Returns and Allowances 

36A Lynux Sales to 2U 
36|A ' ' ' ' " Returns and Allowances 

37A 2U Sales of Finished Lynite 

37|A 2C/ " " '' Returns and Allowances 

38A 2U " '' Lynux 

38|A 2/7 '' '' " Returns and Allowances 

39A Sales of Lynite Castings from Permanent Molds 
39^A " " " " " Returns and 

Allowances 

40A Sales of Dies 

41A Consignment of "Sample" Sales Account 
42A Regular Sales from Stock 
42|A " " " " Returns and Allowances 

(Used by Allyne Brass Fdry. only) 
43A Coupling Sales from Stock 

43iA " ■ '' '' " Returns and Allowances 
44A 2U Miscellaneous Sales 



106 SYMBOLS 

44|J. 2U Miscellaneous Sales Returns and Allowances 
45A 2U Babbitt Bearings Sales 
4:5^A 2U " " " Returns and Allowances 

46^ Lynite Piston Sales 
46|^ " " " Returns and Allowances 

47 A Aluminum Fuse Part Sales 
47|A " " " " Returns and Allowances 

48^ Brass Fuse Part Sales 
48|A " " " " Returns and Allowances 

Control Account 

51 A Aluminum Purchases 

52A Brass Purchases 

53^ Stores Account 

54A Sundry Service Account 

55^ Shop Pay Roll Account 

56A Office Pay Roll Account 

57 A Merchandise (Used by AUyne Brass Fdry. Co. only) 

Direct Material and Labor Expense Accounts 

QOA-A Aluminum Orders 
QIA-C " Orders 

Q2A-B Brass Orders 
63A-L Stock Orders 
64A-M Miscellaneous Orders 

65A 

66A-1P Pattern Shop Orders 
Q7A-2U Machine Shop Orders 

Q8A Aluminum Body Work (Elmwood) 

69^ Die Orders 

70A-A Permanent Mold Casting Orders — A Class 
71A-C " " " '' —(7 Class 

72A-F '' " " " —i^ Class 

7SA Special Outside Machining Account 

Property 
101^ Real Estate 
102 A Buildings and Structures 
lOSA Core Ovens and Core Equipment 



MISCELLANEOUS SYMBOL GROUPS 107 

104A Furnaces 

105A Molding Machines and Equipment 

lOQA Machinery and Tools 

107^ Pipes and Fittings 

108 A Fire Equipment 

109A Electric Light and Wiring Equipment 

110 A Benches, Racks, etc. 

Ill A Belting and Belt Lacing 

112A Office Fruniture and Fixtures 

113A Trucking and Stable Equipment 

114A Other Property 

115 A Patents and Patent Fees 

116A Power Equipment 

117 A 

118A Dies 

119A Cleaning Room Equipment (Niagara) 

120A Patterns 

121A Wood Flasks 

122A Metal Flasks 

123A Core Plates 

124A Portable Tools 

125 A Laboratory Equipment 

126A Machine Shop Equipment (Detroit) 

127 A Equipment Transfer 

128 A Pattern Shop Equipment, Cleveland, Detroit, and Niagara 

129A Die Casting Process 

130A Research Plant Equipment 



liOA Patents and Patent Fees 
141A Tools for Couplings 
142A Patterns for Couplings 
143A. Nickel Plating Equipment 



Used by AUyne Brass Fdry. 
Co. only 



Indirect Expense Accounts 

IX Salaries — Mgrs., Supts., Department Heads 

2X " —Clerical 

3X Other Labor 

4X Supplies 

5X Maintenance of Buildings and Structures 



108 SYMBOLS 

6X Maintenance of Equipment, Furniture, and Fixtures 
7X Care of 

8X Miscellaneous Expense (Not Supplies) 
9X ' ' Small Tool Expense 

lOX Experimental and Test Expense 

nX Fuel 

12X Maintenance of Electrical Equipment 

13X ' ' Air Compressor and Piping 

14X ' ' Boiler, Stocks, and Accessories 

15X " Steam and Water Piping 

16X " Oil Pumps 

17X " Heating System 

18X Advertising 

19X Traveling Expense 

20X Local Motor Truck and Car Expense 

21X Flask Expense 

22Z Sand 

23X Injuries to Employees, Insurance, etc. 

24X Acetylene House, Entire Maintenance and Supply Expense, 

including Wages 
25X Inventory Expense 

26X Crucible Expense 

27Z Chills Expense 

28X Electrical Power Expense Purchased Outside 

29Z Gas 

SOX Freight and Expense 

31X Defective and Damaged Casting Expense 

32X Bad Work Expense exclusive of 3 IX 

33X Telephone 

34X Telegraph and Telegrams 

35X Postage 

Local General Expense 

51 X Legal Expense 

52X Insurance (everything except 23X) 

53X Taxes 

54X Depreciation 

55X Interest Expense (Net) 

66X Metal Shrinkage 



MISCELLANEOUS SYMBOL GROUPS 



109 



General Overhead Expense Account Groups 
Subdivisions 1 to 56 same as above list, for each of the following: 



GAX General Administrative 


{GAXl to GAX5Q Inc.) 


GBX 


Sales 


(GBXl to GBX5Q 


I i \ 


GCX ' 


' Comptroller's Office 


(GCXl to GCX5Q 


( I \ 


GFX ' 


' Finance 


{GFXl to GFX5Q 


( i \ 


GGX ' 


' Garage 


(GGXl to GGX56 


I i \ 


GHX ' 


' Heating, Light, and Power 


{GHXl to GHXbQ 


' ' \ 


GIX ' 


* Investigation (Legal and 








Patent Work only) 


{GIXl to G/Z56 


i i \ 


GJX ' 


' Janitors, Watchmen, Special 








Guards, etc. 


{GJXl to G/X56 


I i \ 


GKX ' 


* Katalogs, Advertising, Liter- 








ature 


{GKXl to GKXb^ 


I i \ 


GLX ' 


' Laboratory (Chemical) 


{GLXl to GLX5Q 


I : \ 


GOX ' 


* Organizing Engr. and Genera 


[ 






Operating 


(GOXl to G0X5Q 


I I \ 


GPX ' 


' Purchasmg 


{GPXl to GPXdQ 


" ) 


GRX ' 


' General Research (Plant R) 


(GRXl to GRX5Q 


I i \ 


GVX ' 


' Vaults, Files, etc. 


(GVXl to GVX56 


i I \ 


GXX ' 


' Emergency (Expense Distri- 








bution only) 


(GXXl to GXX5Q 


i ( \ 


GZX " Maintenance 


{GZXl to GZX5Q 


( ( \ 



General Accounts 



201A Pattern Shop Expense 
202A Prepaid Interest 
203A Accrued Interest 
204A Discount Allowed 
205A " Earned 

20QA Taxes Accrued 
207 A Insurance Prepaid 
208A Excess Metal Expense 
209A Insurance Reserve 
210^ Unclaimed Wages 

211 A Capital Stock Taxes — State of Ohio 
212A Prepaid Credit Department Expense 



(IPZl to 1PX32 '' ) 



110 SYMBOLS 

2iSA Prepaid Rental Account 

21 4A Reserve for Dividends Niagara Plant 

2U Expense Accounts 

301^ Machine Shop (2C7) Aluminum Rough Castings 
302^ '' " (2 i[/) Regular Brass Rough Castings 

Above two accounts are charged by amounts of con- 
stituent invoices at end of month representing castings shipped 
by foundry to 2C7. 

303A Machine Shop (2 U) Bronze Castings for Babbitt Bearings 
304A " " (2 C/) Indirect Expense (2t/Zl to 2C/X32 inc.) 

305^1 Babbitt Metal Stores Account 



10-G. Sub-classification Symbols 

Sub-classification symbols are always used in connec- 
tion with one or another of the symbol groups described 
in these pages. Sub-class symbols are always '4ower case'' 
letters. The reader will note that elsewhere throughout 
this book, '^caps" have always been used except in Chapter 
V, under section 5-A, where sub-class symbols are referred 
to in connection with order symbols, and in Chapters IX, 
X and XI. 

In the first case above mentioned, the use of sub-class 
symbols a, b, c, d, e, /, etc., indicates a division or item- 
ization of an order into sections. Therefore the same 
principle applies to other subdivisions, as for example in 
Chapter IX, lower case letter always being used. All 
the possible uses for sub-class letters have purposely been left 
out of the text elsewhere in this book, except under 5-A, 
Chapter V, and in Chapters IX, X and XI. This was done so 
as to let the reader more readily understand the foregoing 
before attempting to describe certain refinements to the 
possible confusion of the student. The specific condition 
to which symbols must be applied regulate to some extent 
the use of sub-class symbols. The author can often do 
nicely without them. At other times they are quite neces- 



MISCELLANEOUS SYMBOL GROUPS 111 

sary. If the reader will refer to sections 10-A and 10-B 

at the commencement of this Chapter, he will find no 

reference to any means of identifying small parts of any 

one jig, tool, gauge, or core box. 

If one wishes to get a sub-class identification for jig 

Z)— 1120X 

— =-— — so as to identify each of say three parts of that 
t/1— 4 

jig, use sub-class letters after the jig part (J) of the symbol; 

, D-n20X D-1120X . D-n20X rr.. „ 

for example —=-, j-, —j^rr :ry ^^^ —n j-- I he small 

Jla-c-4: J16-C-4 Jlc-c-4: 

letters show that jig Jl has three loose pieces a, h, and c. 

The same principle applies to the T or G group, for the 

MJ, MT, MG groups and for the P and MP groups. In 

.1. f 4.^ D-1120X . ^. 

the case of a pattern — — , assuming the pattern con- 
sists of 4 pieces, each separate piece of the No. 1 pattern 

.„ ^, , u V A D-IUOX D-n20X Z)-1120X 

wiU then be symbolized ^^^-^, ^j^-^, -^^^^, 

, D-1120X ,. , 

^^^ Pld=5=6 ^ respectively. 

To illustrate further the use of sub-classification sym- 
bols, suppose that the operation symbol (see Chapter XI) 
for ''amputation" (AM) is to be used to specify a specific 
amputation. As all major amputations are classified, the 
following sub-class symbols will be used, viz., 

AM sh Amputation at shoulder 
AM ua '' through upper arm 

AM ma " " middle arm 

AM la '' " lower arm 

The sub-class symbols always consist of small letters. 
The words in italics in the above hst indicate the words 
for which the sub-class symbols stand. Near the end 
of Chapter XI will be found a rather complete list of sub- 
class symbols applied to the ''operation" symbols for the 
surgical and diagnosis groups. 



CHAPTER XI 

ANATOMICAL SYMBOLS 

11-A. Human Plant and Department Symbols 

11-B. Diagnostic Symbols 

U-C. Surgical Symbols 

11-D. Anatomical Sub-class Symbols 

In the foregoing pages, reference has been made to the 
appHcation of symbols to professional records. To illus- 
trate such an application, the following pages give a rather 
complete record of symbols adapted to the chief require- 
ments of the doctor and surgeon. This field presents 
considerable complication, and it is believed the following 
treatment of the subject will convince the reader of the 
flexibility of the system described. 

The following symbols were prepared primarily for the 
use of Dr. B. B. Neubauer, General Surgeon, Cleveland, 
Ohio, who assisted the author particularly in avoiding 
duplications. Dr. Neubauer values this system in keeping 
records because it further protects the confidence between 
patient and doctor. Obviously the curious layman cannot 
interpret such records. 

11-A. Human Plant and Department Symbols 

Following out the scheme for plant symbols described 
in Chapter II, the two human plants (sexes) are readily 
identified by the use of a single letter, viz., 

F Female 
M Male 

The above letters F or M, therefore, represent the sex 
of the patient for whom any record is made. The letter 

112 



ANATOMICAL SYMBOLS 113 

may be followed by any of the symbols given below, thereby 
resulting in a clear and definite record consisting of only 
a few characters, in place of the ordinary record consisting 
of many words. 

The regions of the body are likewise symbolized in 
accordance with the scheme of department symbols de- 
scribed in Chapter III. For purposes of symboli^zation, 
each region of the body as recognized by the surgeon or 
doctor is recognized here as a department. As a depart- 
ment symbol is a numeral followed by a letter, we have 
the following adaptation: 

Departments of the Body 
Head: 

IH Forehead 

2H Supraorbital Region 

dH Parietal Region 

411 Occipital Region 

5H Temporal Region 

6^ Auricle 

7H Mastoid Region 

Face: 

IF Nasal Region 
2F Upper Lip 
SF Lower Lip 
4F Chin 
5F Upper Eyelid 
6F Lower Eyelid 
7F Infraorbital Region 
8F Buccal Region 
9F Zygomatic Region 
lOF Parotideomasseteric Region 

(Including Retromandibular Fossa) 

Neck: 

IN Submental Region 
2N Hyoid Region 
3iV Subhyoid Region 
4iV LarjTQgeal Region 
5N Thyroid Region 



114 SYMBOLS 

Neck — Continued 

QN Suprasternal Region 

(Including Jugular Fossa) 
7N Submaxillary Region 
8A^ Carotid Fossa 
9N Sternocleidomastoid Region 

(Including Lesser Supraclavicular Fossa) 
lOiV Lateral Neck Region 

(Including Greater Supraclavicular Fossa and Omocla- 
vicular Triangle) 
IIN Back of the Neck 

(Including Nape of Neck and Nucha Depression) 

Chest: 

IC Sternal Region 
2C Clavicular Region 
SC Infraclavicular Region 

(Including Deltoideopectoral Triangle) 
4(7 Mammary Region 
5C Inframammary Region 
6C Axillary Region 
7C Axillary Fossa 
8C Lateral Costal Region 

Abdomen: 

lA Epigastric Region 

2A Right Hypochondriac Region 

SA Left Hypochondriac Region 

4A Umbilical Region 

5A Lateral Abdominal Region 

6^ Pubic Region 

7 A Inguinal Region 

Back: 

IB Median Region of Back 

2B Interscapular Region 

SB Scapular Region 

4:B Suprascapular Region 

5B Infrascapular Region 

6B Lumbar Region 

7B Hip Region 

8-B Sacral Region 

9B Gluteal Region 



ANATOMICAL SYMBOLS 115 

Perineal Region: 

IP Anal Region 

2P Urogenital Region 

SP Penis 

4P Scrotum 

5P Vulva 

Upper Extremity : 

1 U Acromial Region 

2U Deltoid Region 

SU Brachial Region 

(Insert the words : Anterior, Lateral, Medial, or Posterior) 
4:11 Elbow Region 

(Insert the words: Anterior. Lateral, Medial, or Posterior) 
5U Forearm Region 

(Insert the words : Volar, Dorsal, Radial, or Ulnar) 
QU Dorsal Region of Hand 
7U Volar Region of Hand 
8U Dorsal Surface of 

(Insert the word: Finger or Thumb) 
9U Volar Surface of 

(Insert the word: Finger or Thumb) 
lOU Region of Nail 

(Insert the word: Finger or Thumb) 

Lower Extremity: 

IL Subinguinal Region 
2L Trochanteric Region 

3L Femoral Region 

(Insert the words : Anterior, Lateral, Medial, or Posterior) 
4Jj Patellar Region 

5L Region of Knee 

(Insert the w^ord: Anterior or Posterior) 
6L Popliteal Region 

7L Crural Region 

(Insert the words : Anterior, Lateral, Medial, or Posterior) 
8L Lateral Malleolar Region 
9L Medial Malleolar Region 
lOL Calcaneal Region 
IIL Dorsum of Foot 
12L Sole of Foot 
13L Dorsal Surface of Toe 



116 SYMBOLS 

Lower Extremity — Continued 
14L Plantar Surface of Toe 
15L Region of Toe Nail 

As an example of the above used in combination, MIH 
is the symbol for male forehead; F3F represents female 
lower lip, etc. 

11-B. DIAGNOSTIC SYMBOLS 

11-Ba. The Alimentary System 

11-Bb. The Cardio-Vascular System 

11-Bc. The Connective Tissue 

11-Bd. The Ductless Glands 

11-Be. The Muscular System 

11-Bf. The Nervous System 

11-Bg. The Osseous System 

11-Bh. The Reproductive System (Female Genital Organs) 

11-Bi, The Reproductive System (Male Genital Organs) 

11-Bj. Mammary Gland 

11-Bk. The Respiratory System 

11-Bl. The Sense Organs 

11-Bm. Tegumentary System 

11-Bn. Urinary System 

The symbols for pathological conditions consist of two 
letters. In cases where two letters are not in themselves 
sufficient to cover a specific condition, recourse is had to 
the addition of a sub-class symbol. The sub-class symbols 
used in the following list are fully described in the last 
section of this Chapter (see 11-D). The application below 
of the two-letter '^ operation^' symbol, also in section 11-C, 
is in accordance with the use of this symbol group as 
explained in Chapter IX, sections 9-A and 9-B. 

The following arrangement is substantially in accord- 
ance with the classification and order given in ''A Termin- 
ology of Disease" adopted by Columbia University, 1910. 



ANATOMICAL SYMBOLS 



117 



11-Ba. The Alimentary System 



Intestines: 




IC 


Intestinal Colic 


CTac 


Acute Colitis 


CTch 


Chronic Colitis 


CN 


Constipation 


DS 


Diverticulitis of 


DIaq 


Acquired Diverticulum of Intestine 


DU 


Duodenitis 


ENac 


Acute Enteritis 


ENch 


Chronic Enteritis 


ENmh 


Membraneous Enteritis 


EC 


Enterocolitis 


EL 


Enteroliths 


ET 


Enteroptosis 


FS 


Fistula between and ....,«.. 


FF 


Fecal Fistula 


GI 


Gangrene of Intestine 


GE 


Gastroenteritis 


IM 


Intestinal Hemorrhage 


ILac 


Acute Ileus 


ILch 


Chronic Ileus 


IF 


Impacted Feces 


IN 


Intussusception 


FHre 


Femoral Hernia, reducible 


FHir 


" " irreducible 


FHst 


" ' ' strangulated 


GHre 


Gluteal Hernia, reducible 


GHir 


" irreducible 


GHst 


" strangulated 


IHcg,re 


Inguinal Hernia, congenital, reducible 


IHcg,ir 


irreducible 


IHcg,st 


strangulated 


IHdr 


" direct 


IHid 


" indirect 


IHif 


" infantile 


LHre 


Lumbar Hernia, reducible 


LHir 


" " irreducible 


LHst 


" strangulated 


UHre 


Umbilical Hernia, reducible 


UHir 


' ' " irreducible 


UHst 


" '' strangulated 



118 




SYMBOLS 


Intestines — Continued 


UHcg 


Umbilical Hernia, congenital 


NH 


Internal Hernia 


KHre 


Ischiatic Hernia, reducible 


KHir 


'' irreducible 


KHst 


'' strangulated 


OHre 


Obturator Hernia, reducible 


OHir 


' ' '' irreducible 


OHst 


' ' " strangulated 


VHcg,re 


Ventral Hernia, congenital, reducible 


VHcg,ir 




" " " irreducible 


VHcg,st 




" " " strangulated 


VHlr,re 




' " lateral, reducible 


VHlr,ir 




'' " " irreducible 


VHlr,st 




' " " strangulated 


VHmd,re 




' *' medium, reducible 


VHmd,ir 




' '' " irreducible 


VHmd,st 


strangulated 


Liver: 




LVah 


Abscess of Liver 


AL 


Amyloid Liver 


LVac,at 


Acute Yellow Atrophy of Liver 


LVaUjCZ 


Atrophic Cirrhosis of Liver 


LVhk,cz 


Hypertrophic Cirrhosis of Liver 


LVdm 


Deformity of Liver 


LVfa 


Fatty Liver 


LVdg 


Functional Derangement of Liver 


HT 


Hepatoptosis 


PB 


Perihepatitis 


YP 


Pylephlebitis 


Bile Passages: 




CGd 


Catarrhal Cholangitis 


CGsu 


Suppurative Cholangitis 


CCd 


Catarrhal Cholecystitis 


CCsu 


Suppurative Cholecystitis 


CCgg 


Gangrenous Cholecystitis 


CL 


Cholelithiasis 


CDcq 


Cystic Duct Calculus 


BD 


Common Bile Duct 


BDcq 


Common Bile Duct Calculus 


HDcq 


Hei 


)atic Duct Calculus 



ANATOMICAL SYMBOLS 



119 



Bile Passages — Continued 

GBhd Hydrops of Gall Bladder 

FSbtGB,DD Fistula between Gall Bladder and Duodenum 

FSbtCD,DD " " Cystic Duct and Duodenum 

FSbtGB,CO " " Gall Bladder and Colon 

FSbtCD,CO " ' ' Cystic Duct and Colon 

FSbtGB,SM '' '' Gall Bladder and Stomach 

FSbtCD,SM " " the Cystic Duct and Stomach 

IT Icterus Neonatorum 

JNd Catarrhal Jaundice 

GBpf Perforation of Gall Bladder 

CDsn Stenosis of Cystic Duct 

BDsn ' ' of Common Bile Duct 



Mucous Membrane of Mouth : 

EU Elongation of Uvula 

MM Mucous Cyst of Mouth 

NM Noma 

RN Ranula 

STap Aphthous Stomatitis 

STct Catarrhal Stomatitis 

STmr Mercurial Stomatitis 

STuc Ulcerative Stomatitis 

DCuc Decubital Ulcer of Mucous Membrane of Mouth 

Mucous Membrane of Tongue: 

TNab Abscess of Tongue 

GLac,pa Acute Parenchymatous Glossitis 

GLch,pa Chronic Parenchymatous Glossitis 

GLac,sl Acute Superficial Glossitis 

GLch,sl Chronic Superficial Glossitis 

LThy Hypertrophy of Lingual Tonsil 

MG Macroglossia 

TNcy Mucous Cyst of Tongue 

TNuc Ulcer of Tongue 



Mucous Membrane of Teeth and Gums : 
ARab Alveolar Abscess 

CA Caries of Teeth 

PC Paradental Cysts 

GV Gingivitis 

PD Periodontitis 



120 


SYMBOLS 


Mucous Membrane of Teeth and Gums — Continued 


PP 


Pulpitis 


PA 


Pyorrhea Alveolaris 


(Esophagus: 




ESdi 


Dilatation of QEsophagus 


ESdv 


Diverticulum of (Esophagus 


ESfs 


Fistula of CEsophagus 


ESac 


(Esophagitis, acute 


ESch 


(Esophagitis, chronic 


ESsu 


Suppurative (Esophagitis 


ESmr 


(Esophagitis, mercurial 


ESpf 


Perforation of (Esophagus 


ESru 


Rupture of (Esophagus 


ESsp 


Spasm of (Esophagus 


ESsr 


Stricture of (Esophagus 


EScc,sr 


Cicatricial Stricture of (Esophagus 


ESuc 


Ulcer of (Esophagus 


Pancreas: 




PKah 


Abscess of Pancreas 


PKat 


Atrophy of Pancreas 


PKcq 


Calculus in Pancreas 


PKcy 


Cyst of Pancreas 


PKhm 


Hemorrhage into Pancreas 


PKob,du 


Obstruction of Pancreatic Duct 


PKac 


Acute Pancreatitis 


PKch 


Chronic Pancreatitis 


Peritoneum: 




PNad 


Peritoneal Adhesions 


AS 


Ascites 


CS 


Chylous Ascites 


CM 


Cyst of Mesentery 


PNhm,cv 


Hemorrhage in Peritoneal Cavity 


PNah 


Peritoneal Abscess 


PNac,lo 


Acute Local Peritonitis 


PNac,df 


Acute Diffuse Peritonitis 


PNch 


Chronic Peritonitis 


PNpr 


Progressive Fibrino-purulent Peritonitis 


Omentum: 




OMab 


Omental Abscess 


OMcy 


Cyst of Omentum 


OMtn 


Torsion of Omentum 



ANATOMICAL SYMBOLS 121 

Retroperitoneal Tissue: 



PFab 


Perinephritic Abscess 


PVab 


Prevesical Abscess 


RTab 


Retrocecal Abscess 


SBab 


Subphrenic Abscess 


PLcl 


Pelvic Cellulitis 


PVcl 


Prevesical Cellulitis 


RPhm 


Retroperitoneal Hemorrhage 


Pharynx, Tonsils and Nasopharynx : 


PEab 


Peritonsillar Abscess 


RFab 


Retropharingeal Abscess 


AD 


Adenoids 


TLcq 


Calculus in Tonsil 


TLhy 


Hypertrophy of Tonsils 


FGac 


Acute Pharyngitis 


FGch 


Chronic Pharyngitis 


SF 


Stricture of Fauces 


SFcc 


Cicatricial Stricture of Fauces 


TLac 


Acute Follicular Tonsillitis 


TLch 


Chronic Tonsillitis 


Rectum, Anus, and Perirectal Tissue : 


FA 


Fissure of the Anus 


FO 


Fistula in Ano 


RMhm 


Hemorrhage from Rectum 


HH 


Hemorrhoids 


PQsc,ab 


Periproctitis with Subcutaneous Abscess 


PQsm,ab 


" " Submucous Abscess 


PQil,ab 


" " Ischiorectal Abscess 


PY 


Proctitis 


PJ 


Proctalgia 


RMic,pl 


Prolapse of Rectum (incomplete) 


RMcp,pl 


Prolapse of Rectum (complete) 


PI 


Pruritis Ani 


RMsp 


Spasm of Rectum 


RMsr 


Stricture of Rectum 


RMsr,cc 


Cicatricial Stricture of Rectum 


RMuc 


Ulcer of Rectum 


Salivary Glands: 




SVglJs 


Salivarv Gland Fistula 


SVdu,cq 


Duct Calculus 



122 


SYMBOLS 


Salivary Glands— 


-Continued 


SVduJs 


Salivary Duct Fistula 


RDglJs 


Parotid Gland Fistula 


RDdu,cq 


' ' Duct Calculus 


RDduJs 


'^ Fistula 


SXglJs 


Submaxillary Gland Fistula 


SXdu,cq 


' ' Duct Calculus 


SXduJs 


'' Fistula 


SLglJs 


Sublingual Gland Fistula 


SLdu,cq 


Duct Calculus 


SLduJs 


'' Fistula 


SAsu 


Suppurative Sialadenitis 


SAtx 


Toxic Sialadenitis 


SD 


Sialodochitis 


SDsu 


Suppurative Sialodochitis 


Stomach: 




AC 


Achylia Gastrica 


AY 


Achlorhydria 


SMay 


Atony of Stomach 


SMcn 


Hour-Glass Contraction of Stomach 


SMac,di 


Acute Dilatation of .Stomach 


SMch,di 


Chronic Dilatation of Stomach 


DP 


Dyspepsia 


DPnv 


Nervous Dyspepsia 


SMfs 


Fistula of Stomach 


FSbtSMfiB 


Fistula between Stomach and Gall Bladder 


FSbtSM,DD 


" Duodenum 


FSbtSM,CO 


" Colon 


POsnSM 


Stenosis of Pyloric End of Stomach 


CRsnSM • 


' ' of Cardiac End of Stomach 


POcc,snSM 


Cicatricial Stenosis of Pyloric End of Stomach 


CRcc,snSM 


of Cardiac End of Stomach 


GSac,ct 


Acute Catarrhal Gastritis 


GSch,ct 


Chronic Catarrhal Gastritis 


GSsu 


Suppurative Gastritis 


GT 


Gastroptosis 


HS 


Hematemesis 


HA 


Hyperchlorhydria 


HG 


Hyperchilia Gastrica 


HY 


Hypochlorhydria 


CRsp 


Cardiospasm 



ANATOMICAL SYMBOLS 



123 



Stomach — Continued 

POsp Pylorospasm 

SMuc Ulcer of Stomach 

SMuc,pf Perforated Ulcer of Stomach 

Vermiform Appendix 

AXac,ct Acute Catarrhal Appendicitis 

AXsu Suppurative Appendicitis 

AXgg Gangrenous Appendicitis 

AXac Acute Appendicitis 

AXac,PNac,lo Acute Appendicitis with Acute Local Peritonitis 



AXac,PNah 


Peritoneal Abscess 


AXac,ab 


" Abscess 


AXacPNac.dj 


" " " Acute Diffuse Peritonitis 


AXacPNpu 


'* ' " Progressive Fibrino-Puru- 




lent Peritonitis 


AXch 


Chronic Appendicitis 


AXfs 


Fistula of Appendix 


AXfs,USM 


Fistula between Appendix and Stomach 


AXfs,btGB 


'' Gall Bladder 


AXfs,btDD 


" " '' " Duodenum 


AXfs,btCO 


" Colon 


AXfsMRM 


" " " '' Rectum 


AXfs,btVG 


'' " " '' Vagina 


AXfsMUB 


*' Urinary Bladder 


AXhd 


Hydrops of Appendix 


11-Bb. The Cardio-vascular System 


ANpe 


Pernicious Anemia 


ANSI 


Simple Anemia 


ANsk 


Splenic Anemia 


KL 


Chlorosis 


HF 


Hemophilia 


LKaCjlm 


Acute Lymphatic Leukemia 


LKch,lm 


Chronic Lymphatic Leukemia 


LKmy 


Myelogenous Leukemia 


LN 


Leukanemia 


LKpo 


Pseudoleukemia 


PH 


Polycythemia 


SK 


Scurvy 


SKif 


Infantile Scurvy 



124 


SYMBOLS 


Blood Vessels- 


-Arteries: 


AA 


Aneurysm of Artery 


AV 


Arteriovenous Aneurysm of 


AO 


Aortitis 


ATgn 


General Arteriosclerosis 


AIsu 


Suppurative Arteritis 


EM 


Embolism 


TM 


Thrombosis 


Blood Vessels- 


-Veins: 


FB 


Phlebitis 


FBsu 


Suppurative Phlebitis of Vein 


FBtm 


Thrombophlebitis of Vein 


FBcq 


Phlebitis with Calculus 


VV 


Varicose Veins 


Heart: 




HRam 


Aneurysm of Heart 


AP 


Angina Pectoris 


HRat 


Atrophy of Heart 


BC 


Bradycardia 


CRac,di 


Acute Cardiac Dilatation 


CRch,di 


Chronic Cardiac Dilatation 


EKac 


Acute Endocarditis 


EKch 


Chronic Endocarditis 


HRfa 


Fatty Heart 


HRbl 


Heart Block 


CRhy 


Cardiac Hypertrophy 


CRch,is 


Chronic Cardiac Insufficiency 


MCac 


Acute Myocarditis 


MCch 


Chronic Myocarditis 


CRpp 


Cardiac Palpitation 


HRru 


Rupture of Heart 


SY 


Syncope 


TC 


Tachycardia 


CRch,vl,dz 


Chronic Cardiac Valvular Disease 


Pericardium 

PMah 


Adherent Pericardium 


PMhm 


Hemopericardium 


PMhd 


Hydropericardium 


PMpn 


Pneumopericardium 


PRacJb 


Acute Fibrinous Pericarditis 



Artery 



Anatomical symbols 



125 



Pericardium — Continued 

PRmo Mediastino-Pericarditis 

PRsh Serofibrinous Pericarditis 

PRsu Suppurative Pericarditis 

Lymph Glands and Lymphatic Vessels: 



LGah 


Abscess of Lymph Glands 


LGcy 


Lymphatic Cyst of 


EF 


Elephantiasis 


TDfs 


Fistula of Thoracic Duct 


LMac 


Acute Lymphadenitis 


LMch 


Chronic Lymphadenitis 


LX 


Lymphangiectasis of 


LGac 


Acute Lymphangitis of 


LR 


Lymphorrhea 


Spleen: 




SPab 


Abscess of Spleen 


SPao 


Amjioid Spleen 


SPcy 


Cyst of Spleen 


SPik 


Infarct of Spleen 


SPru,so 


Spontaneous Rupture of Spleen 


SSac 


Acute Splenitis 


SSch,n 


Chronic Interstitial Splenitis 


SE 


Splenoptosis 



11-Bc. The Connective Tissue 

MSab Abscess of Mediastinum 

MScl Cellulitis of Mediastinum 

OBcl Cellulitis of Orbit 

LA Ludwig's Angina 



11-Bd. The Ductless Glands 



Hypophysis: 
AK 

Suprarenal Glands: 
SGab 
AZ 



Acromegaly 



Abscess of Suprarenal Glands 
Addison's Disease 



126 



SYMBOLS 



Thyroid Glands and Parathyroid Glands: 



TYab 


Abscess of Thyroids 


XG 


Exophthalmic Goitre 


XDif 


Infantile Myxoedema 


XDop 


Operative Myxoedema 


XDso 


Spontaneous Myxoedema 


TP 


Tetany Parathyropriva 


TYac 


Acute Thyroid Inflammation 


TYch 


Chronic Thyroid Inflammation 


Thymus: 




TGpt 


Persistent Thymus Gland 


LS 


Status Lymphaticus 



Bursse: 
BRch 
BRsu 
BRvs 

Muscles: 
MUah 
MUat 
MUhn 
MYpr,os 
MYse 
MYsu 
MYtr,os 
MOcg 
MYac,py 
RUac,mu 
RUch,mu 

Aponeuroses: 
FCcn,pz 
FCcn,pm 



11-Be. The Muscular System 

Chronic Bursitis of Bursa 

Suppurative Bursitis of Bursa 

Villous Bursitis of Bursa 



Abscess of Muscle 

Atrophy of Muscles of ........ 

Hernia of Muscle 

Progressive Ossifying Myositis 
Sclerotic Myositis 

Suppurative Myositis of Muscle 

Traumatic Ossifying Myositis 
Myotonia Congenita 
Acute Polymyositis 

Acute Muscular Rheumatism of 

Chronic Muscular Rheumatism of 



Contraction of Plantar Fascia 
Dupuytren's Contraction of Palmar Fascia 



Tendons and Tendon Sheaths: 
GO Ganglion 

TSfb Fibrinous Tenosynovitis of Muscle 

TSsx Serous Tenosynovitis of Muscle 

TSsu Suppurative Tenosynovitis of Muscle 



ANATOMICAL SYMBOLS 



127 



11-Bf. The Nervous System 



Brain and Cerebral Meninges: 


BNah 


Abscess of Brain 


CE 


Cerebral Arteriosclerosis 


BNcm 


Compression of Brain 


BNcy 


Cyst of Brain 


Elac 


Acute Encephalitis 


Clfg 


Fungus Cerebri 


HP 


Hemiplegia 


CBhm 


Hemorrhage into Cerebrum 


CUhm 


Hemorrhage into Cerebellum 


MDhm 


Hemorrhage into Medulla 


PZhm 


Hemorrhage into Pons 


XRhm 


Extradural Hemorrhage 


SRhm 


Subdural Hemorrhage 


Clhn 


Hernia Cerebri 


HCch 


Chronic Hydrocephalus 


LJci,su 


Suppurative Cerebral Leptomeningitis 


PGia,hm 


Internal Hemorrhagic Pachj^meningitis 


PGsu,ci 


Suppurative Cerebral Pachymeningitis 


BP 


Bulbar Paralysis 


BNtu 


Tumor of Brain 


Diseases of the Mind: 


DUps 


Paralytic Dementia 


DMpi 


Primary Dementia 


DMsd 


Secondary Dementia 


DMsy 


Senile Dementia 


ID 


Idiocy 


IB 


Imbecility 


IScr 


Circular Insanity 


ISep 


Epileptic Insanity 


MA 


Mania 


ML 


Melancholia 


MF 


Microcephalus 


PU 


Paronia 


Nerves: 




NV 


Nerve 


NVcm 


Compression of Nerve 


NG 


Neuralgia of Nerve 



128 



SYMBOLS 



Nerves — Continued 


NU 


Neuritis 


NUmp 


Multiple Neuritis 


NVps 


Paralysis of Nerve 


zs 


Zoster 


Nervous Diseases of Unknown Origin 


AE 


Angioneurotic (Edema 


AG 


Aretnegryposis 


AH 


Athetosis 


CP 


Catalepsy 


CK 


Chorea 


CKch,pr 


Chronic Progressive Chorea 


IK 


Intermittent Claudication 


KV 


Convulsions 


KVif 


Infantile Convulsions 


DI 


Diabetes Insipidus 


EP 


Epilepsy 


■ EPjk 


Jacksonian Epilepsy 


EA 


Erythromelagia 


HO 


Hiccough 


HK 


Hypochondriasis 


HI 


Hysteria 


HEprJc 


Progressive Facial Hemiatrophy 


MZ 


Meniere's Disease 


MI 


Migraine 


NS 


Neurasthenia 


NR 


Neuroses 


NRok 


Occupation Neurosis 


NRtr 


Traumatic Neurosis 


NT 


Night Terrors 


AJps 


Paralysis Agitans 


• PX 


Paramyoclonus Multiplex 


RZ 


Reynaud's Disease 


SN 


Somnambulism 


BS 


Blephorospasm 


AMck,sp 


Clonic Arm Spasm 


DFck,sp 


' ' Diaphragm Spasm 


FEck,sp 


' ' Facial Spasm 


LEck,sp 


' ' Leg Spasm 


NKck,sp 


' ' Neck Spasm 


SUck,sg 


' ' Shoulder Spasm 



ANATOMICAL SYMBOLS 129 

Nervous Diseases of Unknown Origin — Continued 



SUck,tg 


Clonic Tongue Spasm 


SUha 


Habit Spasm 


SUnd 


Nodding Spasm 


SUsz 


Saltatory Spasm 


SY 


Spasmodic Torticollis 


YM 


Stammering 


SH 


Stuttering 


VT 


Vertigo 


lal Cord and Spinal Meninges: 


CZdz 


Caisson Disease 


SCcm 


Compression of Spinal Cord 


MTpr 


Progressive Muscular Dystrophy 


HL 


Hematomyelia 


HQ 


Hematorrhacliis 


LJsu,sq 


Suppurative Spinal Leptomeningitis 


MQdn 


Disseminated M3^elitis 


MQtv 


Transverse Myelitis 


PGsu,sq 


Suppurative Spinal Pachymeningitis 


PSac,as,sq 


Acute Ascending Spinal Paralysis 


PSif,tc 


Infantile Spastic Paralysis 


LE 


Paraplegia 


LEaz 


Ataxic Paraplegia 


LEhr,tc 


Hereditary Spastic Paraplegia 


MPac,aa 


Acute Anterior Poliomyelitis 


MPch,aa 


Chronic Anterior Poliomyelitis 


MPpx 


Posterior Poliomyelitis of Ganglion 


SIai,lr 


Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis 


SIdn 


Disseminated Sclerosis 


Sllr 


Lateral Sclerosis 


SV 


Syringomyelia 


TA 


Tabes Dorsalis 



11-Bg. The Osseous System 

Bones and Cartilages: 
CQ Caries 

CJ Chondritis of 

CF Chondrodystrophia Foetalis 

CY Coccygodynia 

MW Disease of " Mother of Pearl Workers " 



130 



SYMBOLS 



Bones and Cartilages — Continued 



JS 


Disease of "Jute Spinners" 




FM 


Fragilitas Ossium 




LO 


Leontiasis Ossea 




OD 


Osteitis Deformans 




OR 


Osteitis Fibrosa 




OP 


Pulmonary Osteoarthropathy 




01 


Osteogenesis Imperfecta 




OS 


Osteomalacia 




OLac,su 


Acute Suppurative Osteomyelitis of 


OLch,su 


Chronic Suppurative Osteomyelitis of 


OC 


Osteopsathyrosis 




OTac 


Acute Periostitis of 




OTch 


Chronic Periostitis of 




RK 


Rickets 




Joints: 






BA 


Bony Ankylosis of 


Joint 


FK 


Fibrous Ankylosis of 


. Joint 


AF 


Arthritis Deformans 




NA 


Neuropathic Arthritis of . . 


Joint 


AWna 


Arthritis Nodosa 




AWsu 


Suppurative Arthritis of . . . 


Joint 


AWac,tx 


Acute Toxic Arthritis of . . . 


. . . . . Joint 


AWch,tx 


Chronic Toxic Arthritis of . 


Joint 


AWvs 


Villous Arthritis of 


Joint 


RHch,ar 


Chronic Articular Rheumatism 



11-Bh. The Reproductive System 



(Female Genital Organs) 
Female Urethra: 

UAab Urethral Abscess of Female Urethra 

UAcq Calculus in Female Urethra 

UAcw Caruncle of Female Urethra 

UAfs Fistula of Female Urethra 

UApl Prolapse of Female Urethra 

UAsr Stricture of Female Urethra 

UAac Acute Urethritis of Female Urethra 

UAch Chronic Urethritis of Female Urethra 



ANATOMICAL SYMBOLS 



131 



Ovaries: 




OVab 


Abscess of Ovary- 


OVat 


Atrophy of Ovary 


OVcy,rt 


Retention Cyst of Ovary 


OVay 


Cystic Ovary 


OVhm 


Hemorrhage in Ovary 


OVhn 


Hernia of Ovary 


OVnr 


Neuralgia of Ovary 


OOac 


Acute Oophoritis 


OOch 


Chronic Oopharitis 


OVpl 


Prolapse of Ovary 


OVtn 


Torsion of Ovary 


Uterine Tubes: 




HZ 


Hematosalpinx 


HX 


Hydrosalpinx 


UTpl 


Prolapse of Uterine Tube 


PU 


Pyosalpinx 


SQac 


Acute Salpingitis 


SQch 


Chronic Salpingitis 


SO 


Salpingo-Oophoritis 


UTtn 


Torsion of Uterine Tube 


Uterus and Ligaments of Uterus : 


URab 


Abscess of Uterus 


AQ 


Amenorrhea 


URaf 


Anteflexion of Uterus 


URae 


Atresia of Uterus 


URat 


Atrophy of Uterus 


BLcy 


Cyst of Broad Ligament 


DY 


Dysmenorrhea 


EDac 


Acute Endometritis 


EDch 


Chronic Endometritis 


URer,cx 


Erosion of Cervix Uteri 


HW 


Hematometra 


RLhd 


Hydrocele of Round Ligament 


YD 


Hydrometra 


URcx,hy 


Hypertrophy of Cervix Uteri 


URif 


Infantile Uterus 


URiv 


Inversion of Uterus 


URcx,lc 


Old Laceration of Cervix Uteri 


MH 


Menorrhagia 


MEac 


Acute Metritis 



132 SYMBOLS 

Uterus and Ligament of Uterus — Continued 



MEch 


Chroni( Metritis 


MR 


Metrorrhagia 


URoc,cj 


Occlusion of Cervical Canal of Uterus 


URpl,pj 


Partial Prolapse of Uterus 


URpl,cp 


Complete Prolapse of Uterus 


PW 


Pyometra 


URrv 


Retroversion of Uterus 


UTru 


Rupture of Uterus 


URcjjSn 


Stenosis of Cervical Canal of Uterus 


URsv 


Subinvolution of Uterus 


URtn 


Torsion of Icterus 


gnancy and Associated Conditions: 


ABcp 


Complete Abortion 


ABic 


Incomplete Abortion 


ABtd 


Threatened Abortion 


EG 


Ectopic Gestation 


EGru 


Ruptured Ectopic Gestation 


EGur 


Unruptured Ectopic Gestation 


YL 


Puerperal Eclampsia 


HMax,ph 


Accidental Hemorrhage Parturition 


HMax,pg 


Accidental Hemorrhage Preg-nancy 


HMpd 


Post Partum Hemhorrage 


HB 


Hydatidiform Mole 


HJ 


Hydramnion 


MBrt 


Retained Placenta and Membranes 


URru 


Rupture of Uterus 


ina and Pelvic Floor 


VGae 


Atresia of Vagina 


VGcy 


Cyst of Vagina 


RVfs 


Rectovaginal Fistula 


UVfs 


Ureterovaginal Fistula 


UGfs 


Urethrovaginal Fistula 


VNfs 


Vesicovaginal Fistula 


LCol,pw 


Old Laceration of Pelvic Floor 


LCrc,pw 


Recent Laceration of Pelvic Floor 


VI 


Paravaginitis 


VWpl,aa 


Prolapse of Anterior Vaginal Wall 


VWpl,px 


Prolapse of Posterior Vaginal Wall 


RXpw 


Relaxation of Pelvic Floor 



ANATOMICAL SYMBOLS 133 



Vagina and Pelvic Floor — Continued 

VGac Acute Vaginitis 

VGch Chronic Vaginitis 

Vulva and Gland of Bartholin 

BHab Abscess of Gland of Bartholin 

VUab Abscess of Vulva 

CXad Adhesions of Clitoris 

LBad Adhesions of Labia 

VUat Atrophy of Vulva 

BHcy Cyst of Gland of Bartholin 

VUet Elephantiasis of Vulva 

VUhe Hematoma of Vulva 

VUhc Hydrocele of Vulva 

CXhy Hypertrophy of Clitoris 

HNhy Hypertrophy of Hymen 

LBhy,mj Hypertrophy of Labia Majora 

LBhy,mi " " " Minora 

VUoc Occlusion of Vulva 

VUpb Pruritus Vulvae 

VSac Acute Vulvitis 

VSch Chronic Vulvitis 

VUuc Ulcer of Vulva 



11-Bi. The Reproductive System 

(Male Genital Organs) 
Male Urethra: 

UAab Urethral Abscess of Male Urethra 

UAcq Calculus of Male Urethra 

UAfs Fistula of Male Urethra 

UAfs,rr Rectourethral Fistula 

UAhm Urethral Hemorrhage 

UAsr Stricture of Male Urethra 

UAsr,sw Spasmodic Stricture of Male Urethra 

UAuc Ulcer of Urethra 

UAac Acute Urethritis of Male Urethra 

UAch Chronic Urethritis of Male Urethra 

Bulbourethral Gland 

BBab Abscess of Bulbourethral Gland 

BBcy Cyst of Bulbourethral Gland 



134 


SYMBOLS 


Penis: 




BJ 


Balanoposthitis 


RC 


Redundant Prepuce 


Prostate: 




PTab 


Abscess of Prostate 


PTat 


Atrophy of Prostate 


PTcq 


Calculus of Prostate 


PThy 


Hypertrophy of Prostate 


PTac 


Acute Prostatitis 


PTch 


Chronic Prostatitis 


Seminal Vesicles: 




VEab 


Abscess of Vesicles Seminal 


VEco 


Concretions of Vesicles Seminal 


VEcy 


Cyst of Vesicles Seminal 


VKac 


Acute Vesiculitis Seminal 


VKch 


Chronic Vesiculitis Seminal 


Spermatic Cord and Coats of the Testicle and Cord 


TVht 


Hematocele of Tunica Vaginalis 


TVhc 


Hydrocele of Tunica Vaginalis 


CVht 


Hematocele of Spermatic Cord 


CVhc 


Hydrocele of Spermatic Cord 


CVtn 


Torsion of Spermatic Cord 


VA 


Varicocele 


Testicle: 




EBah 


Abscess of Epididymis 


TEab 


Abscess of Testicle 


TEat 


Atrophy of Testicle 


EBac 


Acute Epididymitis 


EBch 


Chronic Epididymitis 


TEhn 


Hernia Testis 


IP 


Impotence 


TEnr 


Neuralgia of Testicle 


OKac 


Acute Orchitis 


OKch 


Chronic Orchitis 



ANATOMICAL SYMBOLS 



135 



Mammary Gland: 
MNah 
MNrr,ab 
AU 
MNat 
NPfr 
MNfs 
GC 
GA 

MNhy 
MX 
MVac 
MVch 
MVch,cy 
MVaj 
MVnb 
MK 
RI 



11-Bj. Mammary Gland 

Abscess of Mammary Gland 

Retromammary Abscess 

Agalactia 

Atrophy of Mammary Gland 

Fissure of Nipple 

Fistula of Mammary Gland 

Galactocele 

Galactorrhea 

Hypertrophy of Mammary Gland 

Mammillitis 

Acute Mastitis 

Chronic Mastitis 

Chronic Cystic Mastitis 

Mastitis of Adolescence 

Mastitis of New-born 

Mastodynia 

Retention of Milk 



11-Bk. The Respiratory System 



Bronchi and Trachea: 


ZM 


Asthma 


BI 


Bronchiectasis 


Blac 


Acute Bronchitis 


BIch 


Chronic Bronchitis 


BIfo 


Fibrinous Bronchitis 


TKfs 


Fistula of Trachea 


TOfs 


Tracheooesophageal Fistula 


BKsn 


Stenosis of Bronchus 


TKsn 


of Trachea 


TI 


Trachitis 


TQ 


Tracheocele 


BKuc 


Ulcer of Bronchus 


TKuc 


Ulcer of Trachea 


Larynx: 




LZah 


Abscess of Larynx 


LZfs 


Fistula of Larynx 


LYac 


Acute Laryngitis 



136 


SYMBOLS 


Larynx — Continued 


LYch 


Chronic Larjnigitis 


LH 


Laryngismus Stridulus 


GGed 


(Edema of Glottis 


LZsn 


Stenosis of Larynx 


LZsn,cc 


Cicatricial Stenosis of Larynx 


LZuc 


Ulcer of Larynx 


Lungs: 




LLab 


Abscess of Lung 


ZZ 


Atelectasis 


ZE 


Pulmonary Emphysema 


ZEio 


Pulmonary Interlobulary Emphysema 


LLsy,ef 


Senile Ephysema of the Lungs 


LLgg 


Gangrene of Lung 


HU 


Hemoptysis 


LLhn 


Hernia of Lung 


LLik 


Infarct of Lung 


LLed 


(Edema of Lung 


NObr 


Bronchopneumonia 


NOli 


Interstitial Pneumonia 


NOlb 


Lobar Pneumonia 


NB 


Pneumonoconiosis 


Pleurae: 




UD 


Pleuritic Adhesions 


CW 


Chylothorax 


TFfs 


Thoracoabdominal Fistula 


TJfs 


Thoracogastric Fistula 


TRfs 


Thoracointestinal Fistula 


TH 


Hemothorax 


YT 


Hydro thorax 


UCacJo 


Acute Fibrinous Pleurisy 


UCchJo 


Chronic Fibrinous Pleurisy 


UCsb 


Serofibrinous Pleurisy 


UCsu 


Suppurative Pleurisy 


NX 


Pneumothorax 


NO 


Pyopneumothorax 


Nasal Cavity: 




NZab 


Abscess of Nasal Septum 


YS 


Anosmia 


NZde 


Deviation of Nasal Septum 


EX 


Epistaxis 



ANATOMICAL SYMBOLS 



137 



Nasal Cavity — Continued 


HV 


Hay Fever 


ZN 


Ozena 


NZpf 


Perforation of Nasal Septum 


REac 


Acute Rhinitis 


REau 


Atrophic Rhinitis 


REhk 


Hypertrophic Rhinitis 


RA 


Rhinoliths 


NZrp 


Spur on Nasal Septum 


NFuc 


Ulcer of Nasal Passage 


Nasal Cavity Accessory Sinuses: 


EEeh 


Empyema Ethmoidal Sinus 


EEmx 


Empyema Maxillary Sinus 


EEfe 


Empyema Sphenoidal Sinus 


Zleh 


Ethmoidal Sinusitis 


ziff 


Frontal Sinusitis 


ZImx 


Maxillary Sinusitis 


ZIfe 


Sphenoidal Sinusitis 




11-Bl. The Sense Orga 


Organ of Hearing: 




KC 


Accumulation of Cerumen 


OZal 


Ankylosis of Ossicles 


OZcs 


Caries of Ossicles 


DX 


Deafness 


DQ 


Deaf-Mutism 


MGfs 


Mastoid Fistula 


LNhm 


Hemorrhage into Labyrinth 


MGac 


Acute Mastoiditis 


MGch 


Chronic Mastoiditis 


JTac 


Acute Myringitis 


JTch 


Chronic Myringitis 


ON 


Necrosis of Ossicles 


OJea 


Otitis Externa 


OJac,ia 


Acute Otitis Interna 


OJch,ia 


Chronic Otitis Interna 


OJac,md 


Acute Otitis Media 


OJch,md 


Chronic Otitis Media 


EJac 


Acute Eustachiaa Salpingitis 


EJch 


Chronic Eustachian Salpingitis 


TU 


Tinnitus Aurium 



138 


SYMBOLS 


Organ of Vision and Lacrimal Apparatus: 


KUab 


Abscess of Caruncle 


KOab 


Abscess of Cornea 


EYat 


Atrophy of Eye Ball 


OAat 


' ' of Optic Nerve 


BE 


Blepharitis 


BM 


Blepharophimosis 


BO 


Blepharoptosis 


BU 


Blepharospasm 


KT 


Cataract 


KD 


Chalazion 


KA 


Choroiditis 


KNac 


Acute Conjunctivitis 


KNch 


Chronic Conjunctivitis 


KNpk 


Phlyctenular Conjunctivitis 


KY 


Cyclitis 


LIcy 


Cyst of Lacrimal Gland 


DA 


Dacryoadenitis 


DJ 


Dacryocystitis 


DQ 


Dacryops 


DR 


Detachment of Retina 


DL 


Diplopia 


KEds 


Dislocation of Crystalluie Lens 


EQ 


Ectropion 


EG 


Entropion 


EZ 


Exophthalmos 


EZpv 


Pulsating Exophthalmos 


EH 


Epiphora 


ER 


Episcleritis 


LQglJs 


Fistula of Lacrimal Gland 


LQsjJs 


" '' " Sac 


GKac 


Acute Glaucoma 


GKch 


Chronic Glaucoma 


JAhm 


Hemhorrhage into Anterior Chamber 


RRhm 


' ' into Retina 


VBhm 


' ' into Vitreous Body 


OE 


Hordeolum 


II 


Iridochoroiditis 


lY 


Iridocyclitis 


IR 


Iritis 


KI 


Keratitis 


KIpk 


Phlyctenular Keratitis 



ANATOMICAL SYMBOLS 139 

Organ of Vision and Lacrimal Apparatus— Con^ini^ed 



LU 


Leukoma 


LF 


Meibomian Lithiasis 


VM 


Muscae Volitantes 


OU 


Optic Neuritis 


IQ 


Nystagmus 


VDot 


Opacity of Vitreous Body 


uz 


Phthisis Bulbi 


TZ 


Pterygium 


TX 


Ptosis 


RG 


Retinitis 


EV 


Esotropia 


EW 


Exotropia 


TW 


Tenonitis 


KNuc 


Ulcer of Conjunctiva 


KOuc 


Ulcer of Cornea 


ZCuc 


Ulcer of Sclera 


uv 


Uveitis 



11-Bm. Tegumentary System 

Skin, Hair, Nails, and Glands of Skin: 



KF 


Chromophytosis 


KB 


Clavus 


KM 


Comedo 


DK 


Dermatitis Herpetiformis 


DN 


' ' Medicamentosa 


DV 


' ' Venenata 


IE 


Erythema Induratum 


NE 


' ' Nodosum 


FI 


Folliculitis 


FL 


Furunculosis 


I A 


Ichthyosis 


10 


Impetigo 


lU 


' ' Herpetiformis 


IW 


Intertrigo 


KP 


Keratosis Pilaris 


LP 


Lentigo 


LW 


Leukoderma 


RS 


Lichen Ruber 


FN 


Mycosis Fungoides 


RO 


Rhinophyma 



140 


SYMBOLS 


Skin, Hair, Nails, 


, and Glands of Skin— Continued 


RJ 


Rosacea 


UK 


Urticaria 


BZ 


Bromidrosis 


UI 


Uridrosis 


PB 


Dermatitis Seborrhoeica 


OQ 


Onychauxis 


OX 


Onychia 


OG 


Onychogryphosis 




11-Bn. Urinary System 


Kidneys: 




KGcd 


Congestion of Kidney 


KGcy 


Cystic Kidney 


KGfs 


Fistula of Kidney 


KGik 


Infarct of Kidney 


KGik,zp 


Septic Infarct of Kidney 


UMac 


Acute Uremia 


UMch 


Chronic Uremia 


Ureter: 




URcq 


Calculus in Ureter 


URce 


Ureteral Colic 


URcy 


Cyst of Ureter 


URfs 


Fistula of Ureter 


RRfs 


Rectoureteral Fistula 


URsr 


Stricture of Ureter 


URac 


Acute Ureteritis 


URch 


Chronic Ureteritis 


Urinary Bladder: 




UBab 


Abscess of Urinary Bladder Wall 


UBay 


Atony of Urinary Bladder 


UBcq 


Calculus in Urinary Bladder 


UBcn 


Contraction of Urinary Bladder 


UBdi 


Dilatation of Uruiary Bladder 


UBfs 


Fistula of Urinary Bladder 


RWfs 


Rectovesical Fistula 


VCfs 


Vesicointestinal Fistula 


VRfs 


Vesicouterine Fistula 


VJfs 


Vesicovaginal Fistula 


UBhn 


Hernia of Urinary Bladder 



ANATOMICAL SYMBOLS 



141 



VBhy Hypertrophy of Urinary Bladder 

UBij Incontinence of Urinary Bladder 

UBno Neurosis of Urinary Bladder 

UBps Paralysis of Urinary Bladder 

VE Retention of Urine 

UBsj Sacculation of Urinarj^ Bladder 

VBsy Spasm of Urinary Bladder 

UBuc Ulcer of Urinary Bladder 



11-C. Surgical Symbols 

The following list of symbols applying to surgery will 
need no explanation, as their formation is based on the 
same principle described in section 11-B. For the sake 
of convenience the surgical Hst has been alphabetically 
arranged by symbol. 



AB Arteriophlebotomy 
AC Amputation Cervix 
AD Appendec ostomy 
AE Anesthetize 
AF Arteriorrhaphy 
AG Adreuotomy 
AM Amputations 



AH Aneurismorrhaphy 
AI Adenoidectomy 
AJ Adi-enorrhaphy 
AK Arthrectomy 
AL Arthroclasia 



AMit Interscapulo-Thoracic Amputation 


AMsh Amputation at Shoulder 


AMua ' 


' through Upper Arm 


AMma ' 


' ' ' Middle Arm 


AMla 


' ' ' Lower Arm 


AMel 


' at Elbow 


AMvf 


' through Upper Forearm 


AMmf 


Middle Forearm 


AMIf 


' ' ' Lower Forearm 


AMwT 


' at \Yrist 


AMmc ' 


' through Metacarpus 


AMfn 


' of Finger 


AMth 


' of Thumb 


AMhp 


' at Hip 


AMut 


' through Upper Thigh 


AMmt 


Middle Thigh 


AMlt 


Lower Thigh 



142 


SYMBOLS 


AMne Amputation at Knee 




AMul 


through Upper Leg 


AMml 


( c 


Middle Leg 


AMU 


i i 


Lower Leg 


AMak 


at Ankle 




AMts 


through 


Tarsus 


AMms " 


i i 


Metatarsus 


AMto 


of Toe 




AN Anastomosis 




CG Cephalotomy 


AO Adrenectomy 




CH Cephalotripsy 


AP Appendectomy 




CI Colonic Irrigation 


AQ Arthrodesis 




CJ Circumcision 


AR Artificial Respiration 




CK Canthoplasty 


AS Aspiration 




CL Colostomy 


AT Arthrotomy 




CM Cholecystectomy 


A U Amputation of Uvula 




CN Craniotomy 


A V Arterio-venous Anastomosis 


CO Colectomy 


AX Arthroplasty 




CP Cupping 


AY Arteriotomy 




CR Clitoridectomy 
CS Choledochostomy 


BA Bronchotomy 




CT Cholecystostomy 


BB Bacterial Test 




CU Catheterization Ureters 


BC Bronchoscopy 




CV Colotomy 


BD Bandage 




CW Cholecystotomy 


BF Blepharoplasty 




CX Cleft Palate Operation 


BG Bone Grafting 




CY Cystoscopy 


BI Boiling Water Injections 


CZ Catheterize 


BK Baking 




DA Dilatation Anus 


BP Bone Plating 




DC Dilatation and Curretage 


BS Bone Suturing 




DD Duodeno-cholecystotomy 


BT Blood Test 




DE Dislocation of Eye 


BW Bone Wiring 




DF Disinfect 


BY Bronchoplasty 




DG Duodeno-enterostomy 
DH Duodenorrhaphy 


CA Colporrhaphy Anterior 




DI Dissecting 


CB Cauterize 




DK Decapitation 


CC Csecostomy 




DL Dislocation of Lens 


CD Choledochotomy 




DM Decompression 


CE Cholecystenterostomy 




DN Dilatation Colon 


CF Craniectomy 




DO Duodenostomy 



ANATOMICAL SYMBOLS 



143 



DP Drape 

DQ Dermatectomy Partial 

DR Draiaage of 

DS Dressing 

DT Duodenotomy 

DU Douche 

DV Delivery 

DX Dermanoplasty 

DY Dermatoplasty 

DZ Diagnose 

EA Embryotomy 
EB Embryoctomy 
EC Embryectomy 
ED Epididymotomy 
EE Enteroenterostomy 
EF Esophagorrhaphy 
EG Esophagoscopy 
EH Enterorrhaphy 
EI Enucleation 
EJ Esophagostomy 
EK Entoptoscopy 
EL Enterostomy 
EM Epididymectomy 
EN Extension 
EO Enterotomy 
EP Enterpolasty 
EQ Esophagoplasty 
ER Esophagotomy 
ES Epicystotomy 
ET Electric Treatment 
EU Epiploplexy 
EV Entorectomy 
EW Excision of 
EX Exercise 
EY Esophagectomy 
EZ Enteroplexy 

FC Feces Test 

FD Feeding 

FO Fasciotomy 

FR Fracture Reduction 



FS Frontal Sinusotomy 
FT Fraradic Treatment 
FX Fixation of 

GA Gastro-anastomosis 
GB Gastroduodenostomy 
GC Gastrocolotomy 
GD Gastrodiaphanoscopy 
GE Gastroplasty 
GF Gastroelytrotomy 
GG Gastroenterotomy 
GH Gastro-pylorectomy' 
GI Glossoplasty 
GJ Gastro Jejunostomy 
GK Glossotomy 
GL Glossectomy 
GM Gastrotomy 
GN Gastro-Gastrostomy 
GO Gastrorrhaphy 
GP Gastro-Plication 
GR Gastrectomy 
GS Gastroscopy 
GT Galvanic Treatment 
GX Gastropexy 
GY Gastrostomy 
GZ Genyplasty 

HB Hematoscopy 
HC Hyperdermoclysis 
HD Hydrocele Operation 
HE Helcoplasty 
HF Hernio-Celiotomy 
HG Hernio-Enterotomy 
HH Hepatorrhaphy 
HI Hepatotomy 
HJ Hepatectomy Partial 
HL Harelip Repair 
HM Hysterotomotokia (Caesarian 

Section) 
HN Herniotomy 
HO Hemorrhoid Operation 
HP Hysteropexy 



144 



SYMBOLS 



HR Herniorrhaphy 
HS Hysterorrhaphy 
HT Hypophysectomy 
HX Hepatopexy 
HY Hysterectomy 

I A Induction of Abortion 

ID Iridectomy 

IF Infusion of 

IH Iliorrhaphy 

// Injection of 

IL Intubation 

IN Incudectomy 

10 Ileostomy 

IP Ischio-Pubiotomy 

IR Ileoproctostomy 

IZ Incision 

JC Jejunocolostomy 
JO Jejunoilestomy 
JR Jejunorrhaphy 
JS Jejunostomy 

KP Keratoplasty 
KR Kerectomy 
KT Keratocentesis 
KY Keratotomy 

LA Lymphadenectomy 

LB Liberation of Adhesions 

LD Log?.dectomy 

LG Laryngectomy 

LI Ligation 

LJ Laryngotomy 

LN Laryngoscopy 

LO Laparotomy 

LP Lumbar Puncture 

LR Laminectomy 

LS Litholapaxy 

LU Lumbar Ureterostomy 

LV Lavage 

LY Lithotomy 



MA Mastectomy 

MD Mastoidotomy 

ME Myectomy 

MF Myorrhaphy 

MI Multiple Incisions 

MJ Marginplasty 

MK Mastotomy 

MM Mammotomy 

MN Manipulation 

MO Move to Operating Room 

MR Myomectomy 

MS Massage 

MT Muscle Transplantation 

MU Myotomy 

MX Maxillary Sinusotomy 

MY Myomotomy 

NC Necrotomy 
NE Neurectomy 
NF Nasal Feeding 
NL Nephrolithotomy 
NO Nephrostomy 
NP Nephrorrhaphy 
NR Nephrectomy 
NS Nerve Stretching 
NT Neurotomy 
NU Neurorrhaphy 
NX Nephropexy 
NY Nephrotomy 

OC Onychotomy 
OD Orchidoto^ny 
OE Orchidectomy 
OK Orchidorrhaphy 
OL Ophthalmascopy 
OM Omentopexy 
00 Oophorectomy 
OP Operation Penis 
OR Osteotomy 
OS Osteoplasty 
OT Ostectomy 
OV Oophorotomy 



ANATO:\IICAL SYMBOLS 



145 



OX Oophoropexy 

OY Ossiculectomy 

OZ Operations Miscellaneous 

PA Paracentesis 
PB Phlebotomy 
PC Proctoscopy 
PD Proctorrhaphy 
PE I ericardiorrhaphy 
PG PharjTLgofcomy 
PH Pan Hysterectomy 
PI Peritomy 
PK Prostatotomy 
PL Pyloroplasty 
PM Pneumotomy • 
PN Perineorrhaphy 
PO Plastic Operation 
PP Prepare Patient 
PQ Proctotomy 
PR Prostatectomy 
PS Proctectomy 
PT Post Operative Treatment 
PU Periostectomy 
PV Pelviotom}^ 
PW Phlebectoray 
FX Pancreatorrhaphy 
PY Pylorectomy 
PZ Pancreatotomy 

RB Removal Foreign Bod}'' 
RD Reduction of Dislocation 
RC Rectococcj^pexia 
RE Resection 
RF Rectal Feeding 
RI Rectal Irrigation 
RN Refraction 
RO Remove from Operating 

Room 
RP Rectopexy 
RR Rectorrhaphy 
RS Rhinoplasty 
RT Rachidotomy 
RU Refracture 



SA Salpingectomy 
SB Salpmgo-oophorectomy 
SC Spermato-cystotomy 
SD Sigmoidectomy 
SE Splenectomy 
SF Sialolithotomy 
SG Skhi Grafting 
SH Sialoadenectomy 
SI Splenotomy 
SJ Spinal Injection 
SK Scarification 
SL Sclerotomy 
SM Splenorrhaphy 
SO Splenopexy 
SP Spondylotomy 
SQ Spinal Puncture 
SR Submucous Resection 
ST Surgical Treatment 
SU Suspension Uterus 
SV Sphenoidal Sinusotomy 
SW Suture of 
SX Sigmoidoscopy 
SY Symphysiotomy 
SZ Sterilize 



TA Tourniquet Application 
TB Tracheobroncoscopy 
TC Thoracostomy 
TD Test Feedmg 
TE Tenorrhaphy 
TF Transfusion 
TG Tattoomg 
TH Th^Toidectomy 
TI Th}inusotomy 
TK Thoracentesis 
TL Tonsilectomy 
TM Thymusectomy 
TN Tenotomy 
TO Trachelorrhaphy 
TP Trephme 
TQ Tracheoplasty 
TR Tracheotomy 



146 



SYMBOLS 



TS Tendon Stretching 
TT Tendon Transplantation 
TU Turbinectomy 
TV Tenosynovectomy 
TW Thoracoplasty 
TX Teeth Extraction 
TY Thoracotomy 
TZ Tarsorrhaphy 

UA Ureteral Anastomosis 
UC Uretero-Colostomy 
UE Ureterectomy 
UI Uterine Irrigation 
UL Uretero-Lithotomy 
UM Ureterostomy 
UO Ureterorrhaphy 
UP Uretero-Enterostomy 
UR Urethral Irrigation 
US Uranoplasty 
UT Ureterotomy 
UU Uretero-Ureterostomy 
UW Urethrectomy 



UX Urine Examination 

UY Urethrotomy 

UZ Uretero-Cystostomy 

VA Varix Anastomic 
VC Vaccination 
VD Vaginal Dilatation 
VE Vesiculotomy 
VG Vaginal Irrigation 
VH Vaginal Hysterectomy 
VI Vesicle Irrigation 
VL Vaginal Celiotomy 
VS Vaginal Csearean Section 
VY Vasectomy 

WA Wiring for Aneurysm 
WS Wash Stomach 
WT Wasserman Test 

XM Examine Patient 
XT X-ray Treatment 
XX X-ray Examination 



11-D. Anatomical Sub-class Symbols 

The use of sub-class symbols greatly simplifies a prob- 
lem of the scope illustrated in the second section (11-B) 
of this chapter. Many different conditions of one organ, 
or other part of the body, can be described by using the 
same main symbol followed by different sub-class symbols. 
This point is well illustrated, for example, by referring 
back to '^CEsophagus," under section 11-Ba, where the 
main symbol ES is shown with thirteen combinations of 
sub -class symbols. 

The reader is again reminded that although to the 
layman the symbols shown in this chapter may appear 
confusing, that to the surgeon or medical man they can 
be easily memorized owing to familiarity with the subject, 
based on years of study. Following is an alphabetically 



ANATOMICAL SYMBOLS 



147 



arranged key of all the sub-class symbols used in the pre- 
ceding pages of this chapter. This list will be found self- 
explanatory. 



Anatomical Sub-class Symbols 



aa anterior 
ah abscess 
ac acute 
ad adhesions 
ae atresia 
af anteflexion 
ag arrest of growth 
ah adherent 
ai amyothropic 
aj adolescence 
ak ankle 
al ankylosis 
am aneurism 
an absence 
ao amyloid 
ap aphthous 
aq acquired 
ar articular 
as ascending 
at atrophy 
au atrophic 
ax accidental 
ay atony 
az ataxic 

hi block 
hr broncho 
ht between 

ca carcinoma 
cc cicatricial 
cd congestion 
ce colic 
eg congenital 
ch chronic 
d cerebral 
cj cervical canal 



ck clonic 
d cellulitis 
cm compression 
en contraction 
CO concretions 
cp complete 
eg calculus 
cr circular 
cs caries 
ct catarrhal 
cu cross union 
cv cavity 
cw caruncle 
ex cervix 
cy cyst 
cz cirrhosis 

de deviation 
dj diffuse 

dg derangement 

di dilatation 

dl delayed 

dm deformity 

dn disseminated 

dp depression 

dr direct 

ds dislocation 

du duct 

dv diverticulum 

dz disease 

ea externa 

ec excessive callus 

ed oedema 

ef emphysema 

eg exuberance of growth 

eh ethmoidal 



148 



SYMBOLS 



el elbow 
em embolism 
ep epileptic 

er erosion 

et elephantiasis 
ey empyema 
ex exostosis 

fa fatty 
fb fibrous 
fc facial 
fe sphenoidal 
// frontal 
fg fungus 
fi fibrous union 
fn finger 
fo fibrinous 
fr fissure 
fs fistula 
ft fracture 
/w faulty union 



gc gonococcus 
gg gangrene 
gl gland 
gn general 
go ganglion 

ha habit 
he hydrocele 
hd hydrops 
he hematoma 
hk hypertrophic 
hm hemorrhage 
hn hernia 
hp hip 

hr hereditary 
ht hematocele 
hij hypertrophy 

ia internal 
ic incomplete 
id indirect 



if infantile 
ii mterstitial 
ij incontinence 
ik mfarct 
il ischiorectal 
im infiammation 
in indurated 

10 interlobulary 
ip impacted 

ir irreducible 

is insufficiency 

it interscapulo-thoracic 

iv inversion 

jk Jacksonian 

la lower arm 
lb lobar 
Ic laceration 
// lower forearm 

11 lower leg 
Im lymphatic 

lo local 

Ir lateral 

It lower thigh 

ma middle arm 
mb membranous 
mc metacarpus 
md median 
me metastasis 
mf middle forearm 
mi minora 
mj majora 
ml middle leg 
mo mediastino 
mp multiple 
mr mercurial 
ms metatarsus 
mt middle thigh 
mu muscular 
mx maxillary 
my myelogenous 



ANATOMICAL SYMBOLS 



149 



na nodosa 
nb new born 
nd nodding 
ne knee 

ni non-indurated 
no neurosis 
nr neuralgia 
nu non-union 
nv nervous 

ob obstruction 

oc occlusion 

ok occupational 

ol old 

op operative 

OS ossif3dng 

ot opacity 

pa parench3^matous 
pb pruritis 
pc painful callus 
pd post partum 
pe pernicious 
pf perforation 
pg pregnancy 
ph parturition 
pi primarj^ 
pj partial 
pk phlyctenular 
pi prolapse 
pm palmar 
pn pneumo 
po pseudo 
pp palpitation 
pr progressive 
ps paralysis (paralytic) 
pt persistent 
pu purulent 
pv pulsating 
pw pelvic-floor 
px posterior 
py poly 
pz plantar 



re recent 

re reducible 

rp spur 

rr rectro 

rt retention 

ru rupture (ruptured) 

rv retro version 

sa sub acute 
sb serofibrinous 
sc subcutaneous 
sd secondary 
se sclerotic 
sf syphilitic 
sh shoulder 
si simple 
sj sac 
sk splenic 
si superficial 
sm submucous 
sn stenosis 
so spontaneous 
sp spasm 
sq spinal 
sr stricture 
ss syphilis 
st strangulated 
su suppurative 
sv subinvolution 
sw spasmodic 
sx serous 
sy senile 
sz saltatory 

tb tuberculosis 
tc spastic 
td threatened 
tg tongue 
th thumb 
tm thrombosis 
tn torsion 
to toe 
tr traumatic 



150 SYMBOLS 

ts tarsus ur unruptured 

tu tumor ut upper thigh 

tv transverse 

tx toxic ^^ valvular 

vn ventral 

vs villous 
ua upper arm 

uc ulcer ^^ weakness of callus 

uf upper forearm ^^ ^^ist 
ul upper leg 

um umbilical zp septic 



CHAPTER XII 
RESUME 

In treating the subject of symbols throughout the 
previous chapters, the author has aimed to cover the more 
important groups in sufficient detail fully to illustrate their 
formation and adaptability. It is, of course, evident that 
the actual detail used will not absolutely cover every existing 
condition, but the scheme of symbolizing could be adopted 
as a practical standard, since its divisions cover items 
recognized by general use. Regardless of whether or not 
certain subdivisions can be used in detail, the important 
hypothesis remains that any or all of the group formations 
can be utilized and as a standard such as a single letter 
for a plant symbol, a numeral followed by a letter for a 
department symbol, or the letter X followed by a numeral 
for an expense subdivision, and so on. 

To adopt, as a standard, the use of a single letter for 
a plant symbol does not indicate that the scheme is worth- 
less because a concern has more than twenty-six plants. 
Let a single capital letter be the symbol for a plant, in case 
of the need to utilize the same letter for more than one 
plant, follow the capital by a small letter indicating the 
location or some other individual characteristic of each 
plant. For instance, a concern building a new plant 
known as N is still using an old plant known by the same 
symbol. The former is located at Newburgh Heights and 
takes a small n after the capital to indicate its location. 
When the older N plant steps out of existence, the only 
N plant will have no further need for its small letter ap- 
pendage — Nn becomes N. 

151 



152 SYMBOLS 

In the case of department symbols, standardization 
branches interdepartmentally, so that in the majority of 
cases, the symbol representing a department in one plant 
corresponds to all representing the same department in 
any plant. In the composite groups listed above in Chapter 
III, the reader can select for use those symbols applying to 
the departments he actually wishes to symbolize. If one 
has only an accounting and a cost department, use lA 
and 2A only. Sometimes expansion may require the use 
of 3A, 4:A, and 5^. The same principle should be applied 
all the way down the list. If for the present IB, repre- 
senting sales department, will cover the order and steno- 
graphic division, use only IB. There will be time enough 
for 2B and 3B when the IB division no longer meets the 
demands of the problem, and the same applies to all of 
the general divisions described in section 3-D of Chapter 

III. It has been the aim to make the detail sufficiently 
complete to provide for a large percentage of actual con- 
ditions. Any amplification can be readily provided to suit 
the demands of the more intricate problems. 

In the case of the indirect expense subdivisions. Chapter 

IV, XI, to X56, etc., the reader will find that 90 per cent 
or more of the items listed in detail can be actually applied 
without change of any kind. Items XI to X56 are prac- 
tically fixed standards except perhaps X21, X22, X24, 
X26, X27, and X56. All of the X symbol divisions just 
mentioned apply to either plant, department, or general 
indirect expenditures. Maintenance of factory, X5, and 
maintenance of equipment, X6, are also fixed standards. 
The latter is to be subdivided as explained in section 4-D, 
Chapter IV, to each piece of equipment by symbol. 

The order group and work number symbols described 
in Chapter V are sufficiently standardized to admit of 
practically universal application. 

In the case of equipment symbols described in Chapter 
VI, a standard division has been developed that will cover 



RESUME 153 

a very wide field. The plant prefix letter forming the first 
character of the symbol will of course vary to suit special 
conditions, but the second letter representing the equip- 
ment group proper will conform to the standard division 
listed. 

Complete standardization of drawing symbols described 
in Chapter VII is possible in every case without deviating 
from the scheme as laid down. The drawing symbol group 
is the basis of the piece symbol group and is actually a 
part of it, so it is obvious that the piece symbol standard 
explained in Chapter VIII is also automatically provided 
for. Under the method described for drawing and piece 
symbols, a great deal of duplication and waste labor has 
been eliminated, which must stand as an argument in 
favor of the method. 

Chapter IX treats in considerable detail of the formation 
and use of operation symbols. The group is one that, of 
course, covers an almost infinite number of possible actions. 
As a logical way to standardize in this group, the author has 
adopted the method of using a general division or list of 
operation, in complete detail, for each different kind of busi- 
ness or profession. A symbol used to identify an industrial 
operation will be duplicated in form to identify a surgical 
operation and again for operations in various lines of activity. 
On the other hand, there is no duplication or confusion in 
actual practice, as individuals using the industrial list of 
symbols do not also use the surgical or et cetera lists. 

The argument may be advanced that both the surgical 
and diagnostical lists will be used by the same institution 
or by the same individuals. There is a distinct line of 
demarkation between surgical and diagnostical records. 
They have to do with two distinct professions. The phy- 
sician's terms of diagnosis are different from the surgeon's, 
and the method of fifing helps to avoid confusion. 

The foregoing discussion of operation symbols arranged 
by groups, professional or otherwise, will readily illustrate 



154 SYMBOLS 

how a great field can be satisfactorily covered by the two- 
letter operation symbol, and still avoid confusion. The 
standard key given in Chapter IX can therefore be used 
without change. Following the examples given in that 
chapter, symbols for any new group can be readily devised. 

Some of the more common groups of miscellaneous 
symbol formations are given in Chapter X. These groups 
can be adopted substantially as described and without 
change. Symbols shown in sections 10-A and 10-B of 
Chapter X are dependent on the standard fixed for drawing 
symbols (Chapter VII) and piece symbols (Chapter VIII) 
and need no further explanation. Manufacturing symbols 
and serial numbers described in section 10-C are com- 
paratively standardized as can be the form and literature 
symbols described in section 10-E. Filing symbols are, 
of course, subject to revision from the example given in 
section 10-D, which describes the author's adaptation to 
his personal needs. Account symbols described in section 
10-F cannot be standardized as to detail, but must be 
arranged to suit each problem. 

Although several exceptions must be recognized as to 
the general use of certain detail in miscellaneous symbol 
groups, the general group formations can, without excep- 
tion, be universally adopted. In fact, any attempt to 
change the group formations will only lead to error and 
confusion, while complications will accumulate and no 
advantage accrue. In the preface to these pages will be 
found a caution against trying modifications as such pro- 
cedure will prove more detrimental than helpful. 

Every individual abbreviates more or less and everyone 
has his own kind of abbreviation. What is the result? 
One person can rarely ever read another's condensed notes; 
in fact the originator of such notes is often unable to inter- 
pret them after they are a few days old. The use of sym- 
bols eliminates tnis difficulty and makes the comparison 
or exchange of abbreviated notes a desirable and practicable 



RESUME 155 

possibility. In other words, symbols are nothing more 
than standardized abbreviations. The advantages of using 
such a standardization in a business of any size is obvious, 
and when nearly all of the common abbreviations in the 
form of symbols can be standardized in use between dif- 
ferent plants, the value of such standardization is greatly 
enhanced. 

The author hopes that his general scheme of symbolizing 
may prove sufficiently attractive to interest those in all 
fields of activity, so that they will adapt it to their own 
uses and that ''general use" may become the authority 
which shall estabhsh the system as a standard. 



INDEX 



A PAGE 

Abdomen, sj'^mbol for 114 

Account symbols 104 

Administrative department symbols, general 17 

Alimentary system, symbols for conditions of 117 

Alphabet, conservation of 12 

Alteration symbols 63 

Amputations 141 

Anatomical sub-class symbols 146 

Anus, symbols for conditions of 121 

Aponeuroses, symbols for conditions of 126 

Appendix, vermiform, symbols for conditions of 123 

Arteries, symbols for conditions of 124 

Assembly drawing symbols 61, 62 

Assembly manufacturing symbols 96 

Associated conditions of pregnancy, symbols for 132 

Atomic symbols 81 

Author's filing system 97 

B 

Back, symbols for 114 

Bartholin gland, symbols for conditions of 133 

Bile passages, symbols for conditions of 118 

Bladder, condition of urinary 140 

Blood, symbols for conditions of 123 

Blood vessels, symbols for conditions of 124 

Bones, symbols for conditions of 129 

Brain and cerebral meninges, symbols for conditions of 127 

Bronchi, symbols for conditions of 135 

Bulbourethral gland, symbols for conditions of 133 

Bursae, symbols for conditions of 126 

157 



158 INDEX 

c 

^ PAGE 

Cardio-vascular system, symbols for conditions of 123 

Cartilages, symbols for conditions of 129 

Chemical sj^mbols 81 

Chest, symbols for 114 

Classes, filing 100 

Classification of cores 102 

Coats of the spermatic cord, symbols for conditions of 134 

Coats of testicle, symbols for conditions of 133 

Color scheme for forms 8 

Connective tissue, symbols for conditions of 125 

Control account symbols 106 

Core work class symbols 102 

Costs, effect of symbols on cost keeping 21 

D 

Department groups 11 

Department indirect expense symbols 24 

Department limits defined 10 

Department limits, importance of 10 

Department symbols 10 

Department symbols for large foundry 14 

Departmental sub-division 19 

Departmental sub-division, reason for 19 

Departmentalizing, scheme of 10 

Detail drawing symbols 62 

Dewey system 2 

Diagnostic symbols 116 

Different symbol systems 1 

Direct labor account symbols 106 

Direct material account symbols 106 

Diseases of mind, symbols for 127 

Diseases, nervous, symbols for 128 

Drawing sizes 62 

Drawing symbols 61 

Drawing and piece symbols identical 63 

Drawing symbol suffixes 63 

Ductless glands, symbols for conditions of 125 

E 

Example of use of plant symbol 8 

Expansion, allow for 7 



INDEX 159 

PAGE 

Expense account symbols 107 

Expense symbols, indirect 21 

Equipment symbols ; 55 

Equipment indirect expense symbols 48 

Equipment symbols, need of 55 

Equipment symbols, typical list of 57 

F 

Face, symbols for 113 

Factory indirect expense sjnnbols 49 

Female genital organs, symbols for conditions of 130 

Female urethra, symbols for conditions of 130 

Filing drawings, symbols aid 63 

Filing symbols 97 

Filing system, key to 99 

Financial department symbols, general 17 

Flexibility 1 

Flexibility, important 5 

Forms, symbols for 100 

G 

Gauges, sub-class symbols for Ill 

General account symbols • 109 

General administrative department symbols , 17 

General division, scope of 17 

General division symbols, application of 18 

General division symbols, form of 17 

General expense account symbols, local 108 

General financial departments 17 

General indirect expense symbols 46 

General operating department 17 

General overhead expense account symbols 109 

General sales department 17 

Genital organs, symbols for condition of 133 

Gland of Bartholin, symbols for conditions of 133 

Gland, bulbourethral, symbols for conditions of 133 

Glands, ductless, symbols for conditions of 125 

Gland, mammary, symbols for conditions of 135 

Glands, parathyroid, symbols for conditions of 126 

Glands of skin, conditions of 139 

Glands, suprarenal, symbols for conditions of 125 



160 INDEX 



PAGE 



Glands, thyroid, symbols for conditions of 126 

Group method, importance of 12 

Gums, symbols for conditions of 119 

H 

Hair, cor ditions of 139 

Head, symbols for 113 

Hearing, conditions of organ of 137 

Heart, symbols for conditions of 124 

Hospital department grouping explained. 16 

Hospital department symbols , 15 

Human department symbols 112 

Human plant symbols 112 

Hypophysis, symbols for condition of 125 

I 

Index, importance of 100 

Index to filing system 99 

Index for piece S3anbols 69 

Indirect equipment expense symbols 48 

Indirect expense account symbols 107 

Indirect expense analysis by S3^mbol 50 

Indirect expense symbols 21 

Indirect expense symbols, department 24 

Indirect expense symbols, plant 21 

Indirect factory expense symbols 49 

Indirect general expense symbols 46 

Individual part manufacturing symbols 96 

Industrial operation symbols 73 

Intestines, symbols for conditions of 118 

J 

Jig symbols 92 

Jigs, sub-class symbols for HI 

Jig and tool drawing sj^mbols 64 

Joints, symbols for conditions of 130 

K 

Kej^s, symbols for 104 

Kidneys, conditions of 140 



INDEX 161 

-L' PAGE 

Larynx, symbols for conditions of 135 

Ligaments of uterus, symbols for conditions of 131 

Literature symbols 100 

Liver, symbols for conditions of 118 

Local general expense account symbols 108 

Locks, symbols for 104 

Lower extremities, symbols for 115 

Lungs, conditions of 136 

Lymphatic vessels, symbols for conditions of 125 

Lymph glands, symbols for conditions of 125 



M 

Machining changes 68 

Machining change symbols 63 

Maintenance expense symbols 48 

Major operations, sub-class symbols for Ill 

Male genital organs, symbols for conditions of 133 

Male urethra, symbols for conditions of 133 

Mammary gland, symbols for conditions of 135 

Manufacturing symbols 97 

Master core box symbols 95 

Master gauges, sub-class symbols for Ill 

Master gauge symbols 94 

Master jigs, sub-class symbols for HI 

Master jig symbols 93, 94 

Master patterns, sub-class symbols for Ill 

Master pattern symbols 95 

Master tools, sub-class symbols for HI 

IMaster tool symbols 93 

Materials, lots of 104 

Memorizing, ease of 15 

Mind, diseases of, symbols for conditions of 127 

Miscellaneous symbols 100 

Miscellaneous symbol groups 92 

Mnemonic system 2 

Mucous membrane of mouth, sj^mbols for conditions of 119 

Mucous membrane of teeth and gums, symbols for conditions of . . . . 119 

Mucous membrane of tongue, symbols for conditions of 119 

Muscles, symbols for conditions of 126 

Muscular system, symbols for conditions of 126 



162 INDEX 

■1^ PAGE 

Nails, conditions of 139 

Nasal cavity, conditions of 136 

Nasopharynx, symbols for conditions of 121 

Neck, symbols for 113 

Need for symbols 4 

Nerves, symbols for conditions of 127 

Nervous diseases of unknown origin, symbols for 128 

Nervous system, symbols for conditions of 127 



(Esophagus, symbols for conditions of . 120 

Office departments ll 

Omentum, symbols for conditions of 120 

Operating department symbols, general l7 

Operation symbols 7^ 

Operation symbols, list of industrial 7^ 

Operation symbols, use of 7^ 

Order group symbols 5I 

Organic chemical symbols 83 

Organic symbols, advantages of 8^ 

Organic symbols, examples of 8^ 

Organic symbol formation 83 

Organic symbol prefixes 83 

Organic symbol suffixes 83 

Organ of hearing, conditions of 137 

Organ of vision and lacrimal apparatus, conditions of I38 

Osseous system, symbols for conditions of 129 

Ovaries, symbols for conditions of I3I 

Overhead expense account symbols, general 109 

P 

Pancreas, symbols for conditions of 120 

Parathyroid glands, symbols for conditions of 126 

Parkhurst system 4 

Pathological symbols 116 

Pattern changes 68 

Patterns, sub-class symbols for Ill 

Pattern symbols 95 

Pelvic floor, symbols for conditions of 132 

Penis, symbols for conditions of 134 

Pericardium, symbols for conditions of 124 



INDEX 163 



PAGE 



Perineal region, symbols for 115 

Perirectal tissue, symbols for conditions of 121 

Peritoneum, symbols for conditions of 120 

Pharynx, sj^mbols for conditions of 121 

Pieces, how to S3"mbolize 66 

Piece symbols 66 

Piece symbols, best form of 70 

Piece sjmibol index 69 

Piece symbols indicate pattern changes 68 

Piece symbols, use of 71 

Plant color 8 

Plant indirect expense symbols 21 

Plant s3mibols 7 

Plant symbols in comxbinations 8 

Pleurae, conditions of 136 

Pregnancy, symbols for conditions of 132 

Product symbols 103 

Property account symbols 106 

Prostate, symbols for conditions of 134 

R 

Rectum, symbols for conditions of 121 

Regions of the body, symbols for 113 

Reproductive system, symbols for conditions of 130 

Respiratory system, symbols for conditions of 135 

Resume 151 

Retroperitoneal tissue, symbols for conditions of 121 

Routing, symbols aid 20 

S 

Sales account symbols 105 

Sales department symbols, general 17 

Sahvary glands, sjnnbols for conditions of 121 

Seminal vesicles, symbols for conditions of 134 

Sense organs, conditions of 137 

Sexes, symbols for 112 

Shop departments 11 

Shop numbers 97 

Sinuses, nasal cavity accessory, conditions of 136 

Skin, conditions of glands of 139 

Spermatic cord, symbols for conditions of 134 



164 INDEX 

PAGE 

Spinal cord, symbols for conditions of 129 

Spinal meninges, symbols for conditions of 129 

Spleen, symbols for conditions of 125 

Standardized abbreviations 154 

Stomach, symbols for conditions of 122 

Sub-class symbols, formation of HI 

Sub-class symbols, organic 83 

Sub-classification 110, 116, 146 

Sub-classification symbols 110 

Sub-division, departmental 19 

Suprarenal glands, symbols for conditions of 125 

Surgery 141 



T 

Teeth, symbols for conditions of 119 

Tegumentary system, conditions of 139 

Tendons, symbols for conditions of 126 

Tendon sheaths, symbols for conditions of 126 

Testicle, symbols for conditions of I34 

Thymus, symbols for conditions of 126 

Thyroid glands, symbols for conditions of 126 

Tonsils, symbols for conditions of 121 

Tool symbols 92 

Tool and jig drawing symbols 64 

Tools, sub-class symbols for Ill 

Trachea, symbols for conditions of 135 



U 

Upper extremities, symbols for 115 

Ureter, conditions of 140 

Urethra, female, symbols for conditions of 130 

Urethra, male, symbols for conditions of 133 

Urinary bladder, conditions of 140 

Urinary system, conditions of 140 

Use of organic and inorganic symbols in combination 91 

Use of piece symbols 71 

Uterine tubes, symbols for conditions of 131 

Uterus, symbols for conditions of 131 



INDEX 165 

V 

' " PAGE 

Vagina, symbols for conditions of 132 

Veins, sj^mbols for conditions of 124 

Vision, conditions of organ of 138 

Vulva, symbols for conditions of 133 

W 

Work numbers 53 

Work point symbols 19 



